Current Search: Sex differences Psychology in children (x)
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(1 - 9 of 9)
- Title
- SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY CHILDREN PERCEIVE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGGRESSION.
- Creator
- WEISS, ROBERT JAY, Florida Atlantic University
- Abstract/Description
-
In the present study, 120 children participated in an experiment designed to investigate sex differences in the way children perceive the consequences of aggression. Subjects were given a 48 item questionnaire designed to measure their expectations about the consequences for aggressive behavior. Separate questionnaire Items assessed expectations for five categories of consequences which according to Bandura (1973, 1979) may play a role in maintaining aggressive behavior. These categories...
Show moreIn the present study, 120 children participated in an experiment designed to investigate sex differences in the way children perceive the consequences of aggression. Subjects were given a 48 item questionnaire designed to measure their expectations about the consequences for aggressive behavior. Separate questionnaire Items assessed expectations for five categories of consequences which according to Bandura (1973, 1979) may play a role in maintaining aggressive behavior. These categories included self-rewards, tangible rewards, victim suffering, peer approval, and parental approval. Results indicated boys expect greater self-rewards than girls for aggressive behavior. Sex of the target of aggression was also found to be an important variable in determining the perceived consequences of aggressive behavior. Children anticipated greater self-rewards and greater tangible rewards for aggressing towards female targets. They also expected greater parental disapproval and greater victim suffering for female targets. Implications for social learning theory were discussed.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1986
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14283
- Subject Headings
- Sex differences (Psychology) in children, Aggressiveness
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- The Relations of Sexist Beliefs to the Personal and Social Adjustment of Preadolescent Children.
- Creator
- Collins, Rebecca L., Perry, David G., Florida Atlantic University
- Abstract/Description
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The purpose of this thesis was to see how sexist beliefs in childhood relate to indexes of children's personal and social adjustment. We developed an instrument to study the sexist beliefs that children have regarding work, parenting, dating, and other aspects of gender roles. We predicted (and found) that having these sexist beliefs affected the sexes differently. For girls sexist beliefs were associated with reduced global self-worth and body satisfaction; and increased depression. For boys...
Show moreThe purpose of this thesis was to see how sexist beliefs in childhood relate to indexes of children's personal and social adjustment. We developed an instrument to study the sexist beliefs that children have regarding work, parenting, dating, and other aspects of gender roles. We predicted (and found) that having these sexist beliefs affected the sexes differently. For girls sexist beliefs were associated with reduced global self-worth and body satisfaction; and increased depression. For boys, sexist beliefs were associated with increased global self-worth, narcissism, externalizing behaviors, and competence in sports; and decreased depression and prosocial behavior.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2008
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000735
- Subject Headings
- Sex role in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Self in children
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Dimensions of sexist beliefs and psychosocial adjustment in childhood.
- Creator
- Bidmead, Sarah, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The levels of 3 dimensions of sexism and 13 measures of psychosocial adjustment were assessed in 236 children in grades 4 through 8. The adjustment measures were factor analyzed to produce 5 adjustment factors. Analysis revealed that one of the factors, peer-reported prosocial tendencies, was moderately and negatively correlated with two of three measures of sexism. This effect was more pronounced for girls than for boys. Another factor, body self-esteem, was negatively correlated with one of...
Show moreThe levels of 3 dimensions of sexism and 13 measures of psychosocial adjustment were assessed in 236 children in grades 4 through 8. The adjustment measures were factor analyzed to produce 5 adjustment factors. Analysis revealed that one of the factors, peer-reported prosocial tendencies, was moderately and negatively correlated with two of three measures of sexism. This effect was more pronounced for girls than for boys. Another factor, body self-esteem, was negatively correlated with one of the measures of sexism for girls. The findings are congruent with the view that traditionally sexist ideology may detrimentally impact children's psychosocial adjustment.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2009
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/186674
- Subject Headings
- Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Sex role in chldren, Body image, Social aspects
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Gender self-discrepancies in middle childhood: influences on children’s personal and social adjustment.
- Creator
- Cooper, Patrick J., Perry, David G., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
A self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195)...
Show moreA self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195) completed a variety of self- and peer-report questionnaires in the fall and spring of the school year. Children reported gender stereotypes and self-appraisals for four attributes (body image, athletics, dominance, and popularity). Measures of gender identity and of adjustment were also collected. Results suggested that children who possess a gender self discrepancy are at risk for maladjustment, especially internalizing difficulties and victimization by both girls and boys.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187
- Subject Headings
- Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Self actualization (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Play, problem-solving and tool use: Individual differences in preschool children.
- Creator
- Gredlein, Jeffrey Michael, Florida Atlantic University, Bjorklund, David F.
- Abstract/Description
-
While recent research has promoted play as an integral component of a child's cognitive functioning, tool-use has been relatively ignored in this discussion. It may be the case that these two abilities, especially constructive play and problem solving through the use of tools, emerging early in a child's life, have some connection in the formation of higher cognitive processing. From an evolutionary developmental perspective, three-year old children were observed in two free-play sessions and...
Show moreWhile recent research has promoted play as an integral component of a child's cognitive functioning, tool-use has been relatively ignored in this discussion. It may be the case that these two abilities, especially constructive play and problem solving through the use of tools, emerging early in a child's life, have some connection in the formation of higher cognitive processing. From an evolutionary developmental perspective, three-year old children were observed in two free-play sessions and participated in a toy-retrieval task. Results indicate boys engaged in more constructive play than girls and were more likely to use tools to solve a problem. Also, the findings suggest that the gender difference observed reflects a bias in motivation to interact with objects, with the amount of time spent in constructive play predicting performance on the tool-use task, suggesting that much of the variance in the gender difference in tool use can be attributed to experience in constructive play. This is consistent with the evolutionary theoretical idea that boys' and girls' play styles evolved to prepare them for adult life in traditional environments.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2001
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FADT12740
- Subject Headings
- Problem solving in children, Sex differences (Psychology) in children, Play assessment (Child psychology)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Three new measures of gender identity: Implications for children's psychosocial development.
- Creator
- Egan, Susan K., Florida Atlantic University, Perry, David G.
- Abstract/Description
-
The present dissertation introduces three new measures of gender identity and examines their relations to psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-concept and peer acceptance) in preadolescence. The sample consisted of 182 4th- through 8th-grade children. The three measures assessed (a) feelings of overall similarity to and compatibility with one's gender (goodness-of-fit), (b) feelings of pressure to conform to sex-role stereotypes (felt pressure), and (c) belief that one's sex is superior to the...
Show moreThe present dissertation introduces three new measures of gender identity and examines their relations to psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-concept and peer acceptance) in preadolescence. The sample consisted of 182 4th- through 8th-grade children. The three measures assessed (a) feelings of overall similarity to and compatibility with one's gender (goodness-of-fit), (b) feelings of pressure to conform to sex-role stereotypes (felt pressure), and (c) belief that one's sex is superior to the other sex (intergroup bias). Both concurrent and short-term longitudinal analyses indicated that goodness-of-fit was beneficial to psychosocial adjustment, whereas both felt pressure and intergroup bias undermined psychosocial adjustment. Furthermore, goodness-of-fit mediated many of the relations of domain-specific sex-typing measures (e.g., traits) to adjustment. The present dissertation helps identify some of the inherent limitations in previous work on gender identity, provides new insight into the relation of children's gender identity and psychosocial development, and raises suggestions for future inquiry.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1999
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12616
- Subject Headings
- Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology) in children, Child development
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- A test of Bem's model of the development of sexual orientation.
- Creator
- Rouse, Priscilla Ann., Florida Atlantic University, Perry, David G.
- Abstract/Description
-
This study tested Bem's (1996) "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation. Participants were 182 4th- through 8 th-graders. In accord with Bem's theory, sex-typing (i.e., sex-typed traits, interests, and playmate preferences) and goodness-of-fit with one's gender predicted heterosexual identity. However, goodness-of-fit did not mediate relations of sex-typing to heterosexual identity; instead, sex-typing mediated the relation of felt similarity to heterosexual identity. Implications...
Show moreThis study tested Bem's (1996) "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation. Participants were 182 4th- through 8 th-graders. In accord with Bem's theory, sex-typing (i.e., sex-typed traits, interests, and playmate preferences) and goodness-of-fit with one's gender predicted heterosexual identity. However, goodness-of-fit did not mediate relations of sex-typing to heterosexual identity; instead, sex-typing mediated the relation of felt similarity to heterosexual identity. Implications for alternative models are discussed.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2000
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12698
- Subject Headings
- Sex role in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Bem Sex-Role Inventory
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Narcissism, perceptions of peer relationships, and target-specific aggression in middle childhood.
- Creator
- Anderson, Chelsie., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
This study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's...
Show moreThis study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's liking of each peer, (c) each peer's actual liking of the child, and (d) the child's perceived similarity to each peer. Participants were 197 children in the fourth through eighth grades at a university school. Narcissism predicted the four types of target-specific aggression in disparate ways for boys and girls. Narcissistic boys were especially likely to direct aggression toward male peers whom (a) they perceived as disliking them, (b) they disliked, and (c) they perceived as dissimilar to themselves. Narcissistic girls were especially likely to attack female peers whom they perceived as similar to themselves. Narcissism may enhance different motives for boys and girls in same-sex peer relatinships. We propose that narcissism enhances investment in status and rivalry amoung girls while enhancing the motive to attack dissimilar peers among boys.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3356886
- Subject Headings
- Identity (Psychology) in children, Adjustment (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology), Affect (Psychology), Aggressiveness, Narcissism, Philosophy, Interpersonal relations in children, Social interaction in children, Self-esteem in children
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Gender, sports, and adjustment in preadolescent children.
- Creator
- Cooper, Patrick J., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys...
Show moreThe fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys influence sports self-efficacy. In girls, both the belief that sports is important for girls and the belief that sports is important for boys predicted sports self-efficacy. Sports self-efficacy predicted benefits for girls adjustment (high self-esteem, higher body satisfaction, lower depression and lower anxiety) but both positive and negative outcomes for boys (higher narcissism, higher aggression, and lower depression and lower anxiety). The findings overall suggest that the correlates of sports self-efficacy are somewhat different for boys and for girls.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2010
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/1927605
- Subject Headings
- Physical education and training, Psychological aspects, Sports, Psychological aspects, Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence
- Format
- Document (PDF)
