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Factors related to the experience of situations: Time of day, gender, and employment status
Title
Factors related to the experience of situations: Time of day, gender, and employment status.
Creator
Brown, Nicolas A, Sherman, Ryne A., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Throughout the course of a day, individuals experience a number of different situations that affect how they think, feel, and behave. However, until recently, there was little research aimed at describing what factors may be related to the psychological properties of situations in individuals' everyday lives. Recent theoretical (e.g., the Situational Eight DIAMONDS) and methodological (e.g., experience sampling, Day Reconstruction Method) advances make the present research tractable. Based on...
Show moreThroughout the course of a day, individuals experience a number of different situations that affect how they think, feel, and behave. However, until recently, there was little research aimed at describing what factors may be related to the psychological properties of situations in individuals' everyday lives. Recent theoretical (e.g., the Situational Eight DIAMONDS) and methodological (e.g., experience sampling, Day Reconstruction Method) advances make the present research tractable. Based on the extant literature, three studies, employing different methodologies, were designed to explore whether three specific factors are related to the experience of situations: time of day, gender, and employment status. Study 1 employs data from 835 participants recruited on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). Participants reported a recent situation (single time-point method) and completed a 290-item measure of situations, the Comprehensive Situations Item Pool (CSIP). The results demonstrated consistent daily patterns in the experience of situations. For example, the situational characteristic Duty tends to increase throughout the day, peak at noon, decreasing thereafter. Study 2 uses an experience sampling method to further investigate the daily and weekly temporal patterns in the situational characteristics from a within-person perspective. University participants (N = 210) were contacted via smartphone and rated their situation up to 8 times per day for 7 days. The results showed that there are some similarities and differences in the temporal pattern of situations at the within-person level. Duty, for instance, exhibits a different pattern depending on the day of the week (e.g., negative and linear on weekends, but quadratic on weekdays). Overall, Study 2 demonstrates that there are clear within- and between-day patterns in situation characteristics. Lastly, Study 3 employs a full-day method using archival data from the 2013 American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Participants drawn from a representative sample of Americans (N = 11,384) reported all of their situations for a recent day using the Day Reconstruction Method. The results found that, in addition to consistent daily and weekly trends, patterns for situation characteristics are related to individual differences such as gender and employment status.
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Date Issued
2016
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004572, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004572
Subject Headings
Communication in organizations., Interbehavioral psychology., Motivation (Psychology), Positive psychology., Conduct of life.
Format
Document (PDF)
Affective response and cognition in HIV
Title
Affective response and cognition in HIV.
Creator
McIntosh, Roger C., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Resource allocation theory, Polich (2007) suggests cortical measures may attenuate when processing demands increase. Thirteen HIV-negative women (M = 36.5) and 15 HIV-positive women (M = 36.1) infected were instructed to view neutral and negative IAPS images and then to detect rare tones in a subsequent auditory oddball task. A 2 x 2 ANOVA for the auditory P3 did not indicate a main effect for picture valence however an interaction was found between picture valence and serostatus at location...
Show moreResource allocation theory, Polich (2007) suggests cortical measures may attenuate when processing demands increase. Thirteen HIV-negative women (M = 36.5) and 15 HIV-positive women (M = 36.1) infected were instructed to view neutral and negative IAPS images and then to detect rare tones in a subsequent auditory oddball task. A 2 x 2 ANOVA for the auditory P3 did not indicate a main effect for picture valence however an interaction was found between picture valence and serostatus at location Fz, F(1,24) = 18.99, p<.001. During the visual ERP sequence an interaction between valence and serostatus was found at the Pz location, F(1,24) = 18.99, p<.001, meaning the late positive potential (LPP) was not modulated between viewing neutral and negative images in HIV-positive women. These findings suggest that the manifestation of HIV in women may alter the neural processing of emotions, though not to the detriment of a subsequent cognitive task.
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Date Issued
2010
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2978989
Subject Headings
AIDS (Disease), Psychological aspects, HIV-positive persons, Mental health, Clinical health psychology, Psychophysiology, Motivation (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)
The Role of Group Affective Tone in Shaping Outcomes of Team-Focused Leadership
Title
The Role of Group Affective Tone in Shaping Outcomes of Team-Focused Leadership.
Creator
Woods, Juanita M, Williams, Ethlyn A., Florida Atlantic University, College of Business, Department of Management
Abstract/Description
This dissertation presents an analytical framework based on the processes of social identification and self-categorization as mechanisms through which team-focused leadership and group affective tone separately and jointly contribute to team outcomes at both the team and team member levels A review of relevant literature supported the development of the research hypotheses The hypotheses were tested using multilevel structural equation modeling and single level path analysis to tease out...
Show moreThis dissertation presents an analytical framework based on the processes of social identification and self-categorization as mechanisms through which team-focused leadership and group affective tone separately and jointly contribute to team outcomes at both the team and team member levels A review of relevant literature supported the development of the research hypotheses The hypotheses were tested using multilevel structural equation modeling and single level path analysis to tease out significant effects of team leadership and affective processes in teams The results of single level path analyses demonstrated that leaders and team members contribute to the affective tone of a team through the sharing of emotions and processes of emotional contagion and norms of emotional expression via identification and self-categorization processes Both individual leaders (vertical team-focused leadership) and team members sharing in leadership processes (shared team-focused leadership) were found to distinctly contribute to group affective tone and the important team outcomes of team performance, creativity, trust, team member engagement, team member identification, and team member citizenship behaviors The results further demonstrated that the affective tone of a team (group affective tone) has direct effects on team member outcomes, and mediates direct effects on outcomes of team-focused leadership Group affective tone was found to mediate the effects of both vertical and shared team-focused leadership on team member engagement, identification, citizenship behaviors, and team trust The results are relevant to both researchers interested in studying leadership and affective processes in teams and to management practitioners interested in understanding contributions to team effectiveness The consideration of both team-focused leadership and the affective tone of a team matter in team effectiveness The emotional climate of a team appears to be important to team member outcomes more so than team-level outcomes Therefore, what managers consider to be important indicators of team effectiveness (either team-level or team member-level) determine the actions of a manager to monitor and strengthen the positive affective tone of a team Limitations are discussed and future research directions are provided to extend the observations of this study
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Date Issued
2016
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004763
Subject Headings
Leadership, Positive psychology, Teams in the workplace--Management, Project management--Psychological aspects, Personnel management--Psychological aspects, Employee motivation, Organizational behavior
Format
Document (PDF)