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Cooperative self-organization in the perception of coherent motion
Title
Cooperative self-organization in the perception of coherent motion.
Creator
Balz, Gunther William, Florida Atlantic University, Hock, Howard S.
Abstract/Description
A row of dots is presented in a series of alternating frames; dots in each frame are located at the midpoints between dots of the preceding frame. Although the perceived frame-to-frame direction of motion could vary randomly, cooperativity is indicated by the emergence of two coherent motion patterns, one unidirectional, the other oscillatory. Small increases in the time between frames are sufficient for the bias, which maintains the previously established motion direction (unidirectional...
Show moreA row of dots is presented in a series of alternating frames; dots in each frame are located at the midpoints between dots of the preceding frame. Although the perceived frame-to-frame direction of motion could vary randomly, cooperativity is indicated by the emergence of two coherent motion patterns, one unidirectional, the other oscillatory. Small increases in the time between frames are sufficient for the bias, which maintains the previously established motion direction (unidirectional motion), to be reversed, becoming a bias which inhibits that direction (oscillatory motion). Unidirectional motion, which predominates for small dot separations, and oscillatory motion, which predominates for large separations, are associated with short-range and long-range motion (Braddick, 1974) by manipulating the shape of the dots, their luminance, and the luminance of the inter-frame blank field. Pulsing/flicker emerges as a third perceptual state that competes with unidirectional motion for very small dot separations.
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Date Issued
1991
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14712
Subject Headings
Motion perception (Vision), Perceptual-motor learning
Format
Document (PDF)
Spontaneous pattern changes for bistable apparent motion stimuli: Perceptual satiation or memory attraction?
Title
Spontaneous pattern changes for bistable apparent motion stimuli: Perceptual satiation or memory attraction?.
Creator
Voss, Audrey A., Florida Atlantic University, Hock, Howard S.
Abstract/Description
Subjects judge motion direction for an apparent motion stimulus with competing perceptual organizations: Vertical vs. horizontal motion. The two patterns are coupled. When one is perceptually instantiated the other remains active in memory, resulting in sudden changes in perceived motion direction under constant stimulus conditions. The probability of change from an initially horizontal to a vertical pattern remains constant over time, showing that perceptual satiation is insufficient to...
Show moreSubjects judge motion direction for an apparent motion stimulus with competing perceptual organizations: Vertical vs. horizontal motion. The two patterns are coupled. When one is perceptually instantiated the other remains active in memory, resulting in sudden changes in perceived motion direction under constant stimulus conditions. The probability of change from an initially horizontal to a vertical pattern remains constant over time, showing that perceptual satiation is insufficient to explain the occurrence of spontaneous perceptual changes. It is proposed that spontaneous changes also occur because the pattern active in memory attracts the percept away from the currently instantiated pattern. The attraction hypothesis specifies that the activation of the memory pattern (and hence its attractive strength) increases as a result of previous experience. It is supported by evidence that the likelihood of changing, say from horizontal to vertical motion, is increased if the motion pattern was previously vertical.
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Date Issued
1991
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14721
Subject Headings
Motion perception (Vision), Perceptual-motor learning
Format
Document (PDF)
Comprehension of an audio versus an audiovisual lecture at 50% time-compression
Title
Comprehension of an audio versus an audiovisual lecture at 50% time-compression.
Creator
Perez, Nicole, Barenholtz, Elan, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Since students can adjust the speed of online videos by time-compression which is available through common software (Pastore & Ritzhaupt, 2015), it is important to learn at which point compression impacts comprehension. The focus of the study is whether the speaker’s face benefits comprehension during a 50% compressed lecture. Participants listened to a normal lecture or a 50% compressed lecture. Each participant saw an audio and audiovisual lecture, and were eye tracked during the...
Show moreSince students can adjust the speed of online videos by time-compression which is available through common software (Pastore & Ritzhaupt, 2015), it is important to learn at which point compression impacts comprehension. The focus of the study is whether the speaker’s face benefits comprehension during a 50% compressed lecture. Participants listened to a normal lecture or a 50% compressed lecture. Each participant saw an audio and audiovisual lecture, and were eye tracked during the audiovisual lecture. A comprehension test revealed that participants in the compressed lecture group performed better with the face. Eye fixations revealed that participants in the compressed lecture group looked less at the eyes and more at the nose when compared to eye fixations for those that viewed the normal lecture. This study demonstrates that 50% compression affects eye fixations and that the face benefits the listener, but this much compression will still lessen comprehension.
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Date Issued
2017
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004847, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004847
Subject Headings
Learning--Case studies., Perceptual-motor learning., Nonverbal communication., Internet videos--Education.
Format
Document (PDF)
Attentional and affective responses to complex musical rhythms
Title
Attentional and affective responses to complex musical rhythms.
Creator
Chapin, Heather L., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
Abstract/Description
I investigated how two types of rhythmic complexity, syncopation and tempo fluctuation, affect the neural and behavioral responses of listeners. The aim of Experiment 1 was to explore the role of attention in pulse and meter perception using complex rhythms. A selective attention paradigm was used in which participants attended either to a complex auditory rhythm or a visually presented list of words. Performance on a reproduction task was used to gauge whether participants were attending to...
Show moreI investigated how two types of rhythmic complexity, syncopation and tempo fluctuation, affect the neural and behavioral responses of listeners. The aim of Experiment 1 was to explore the role of attention in pulse and meter perception using complex rhythms. A selective attention paradigm was used in which participants attended either to a complex auditory rhythm or a visually presented list of words. Performance on a reproduction task was used to gauge whether participants were attending to the appropriate stimulus. Selective attention to rhythms led to increased BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent) responses in basal ganglia, and basal ganglia activity was observed only after the rhythms had cycled enough times for a stable pulse percept to develop. These observations show that attention is needed to recruit motor activations associated with the perception of pulse in complex rhythms. Moreover, attention to the auditory stimulus enhanced activity in an attentional sensory network including primary auditory, insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex, and suppressed activity in sensory areas associated with attending to the visual stimulus. In Experiment 2, the effect of tempo fluctuation in expressive music on emotional responding in musically experienced and inexperienced listeners was investigated. Participants listened to a skilled music performance, including natural fluctuations in timing and sound intensity that musicians use to evoke emotional responses, and a mechanical performance of the same piece, that served as a control. Participants reported emotional responses on a 2-dimensional rating scale (arousal and valence), before and after fMRI scanning. During fMRI scanning, participants listened without reporting emotional responses. Tempo fluctuations predicted emotional arousal ratings for all listeners., Expressive performance was associated with BOLD increases in limbic areas for all listeners and in limbic and reward related areas forthose with musical experience. Activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate, which may reflect temporal expectancy, was also dependent on the musical experience of the listener. Changes in tempo correlated with activity in a mirror neuron network in all listeners, and mirror neuron activity was associated with emotional arousal in experienced listeners. These results suggest that emotional responding to music occurs through an empathic motor resonance.
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Date Issued
2009
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/368606
Subject Headings
Perceptual-motor learning, Musical perception, Computational neuroscience, Emotions in music, Music, Psychological aspects
Format
Document (PDF)
1/f structure of temporal fluctuation in rhythm performance and rhythmic coordination
Title
1/f structure of temporal fluctuation in rhythm performance and rhythmic coordination.
Creator
Rankin, Summer K., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
Abstract/Description
This dissertation investigated the nature of pulse in the tempo fluctuation of music performance and how people entrain with these performed musical rhythms. In Experiment 1, one skilled pianist performed four compositions with natural tempo fluctuation. The changes in tempo showed long-range correlation and fractal (1/f) scaling for all four performances. To determine whether the finding of 1/f structure would generalize to other pianists, musical styles, and performance practices, fractal...
Show moreThis dissertation investigated the nature of pulse in the tempo fluctuation of music performance and how people entrain with these performed musical rhythms. In Experiment 1, one skilled pianist performed four compositions with natural tempo fluctuation. The changes in tempo showed long-range correlation and fractal (1/f) scaling for all four performances. To determine whether the finding of 1/f structure would generalize to other pianists, musical styles, and performance practices, fractal analyses were conducted on a large database of piano performances in Experiment 3. Analyses revealed signicant long-range serial correlations in 96% of the performances. Analysis showed that the degree of fractal structure depended on piece, suggesting that there is something in the composition's musical structure which causes pianists' tempo fluctuations to have a similar degree of fractal structure. Thus, musical tempo fluctuations exhibit long-range correlations and fractal scaling. To examine how people entrain to these temporal fluctuations, a series of behavioral experiments were conducted where subjects were asked to tap the pulse (beat) to temporally fluctuating stimuli. The stimuli for Experiment 2 were musical performances from Experiment 1, with mechanical versions serving as controls. Subjects entrained to all stimuli at two metrical levels, and predicted the tempo fluctuations observed in Experiment 1. Fractal analyses showed that the fractal structure of the stimuli was reected in the inter-tap intervals, suggesting a possible relationship between fractal tempo scaling, pulse perception, and entrainment. Experiments 4-7 investigated the extent to which people use long-range correlation and fractal scaling to predict tempo fluctuations in fluctuating rhythmic sequences., Both natural and synthetic long-range correlations enabled prediction, as well as shuffled versions which contained no long-term fluctuations. Fractal structure of the stimuli was again in the inter-tap intervals, with persistence for the fractal stimuli, and antipersistence for the shuffled stimuli. 1/f temporal structure is suficient though not necessary for prediction of fluctuations in a stimulus with large temporal fluctuations.
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Date Issued
2010
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2705083
Subject Headings
Music, Psychological aspects, Emotions in music, Perceptual-motor learning, Computational neuroscience, Synchronization, Musical perception
Format
Document (PDF)
The Role of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Motor Control
Title
The Role of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Motor Control.
Creator
Asemi, Avisa, Bressler, Steven L., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
Abstract/Description
We sought to better understand human motor control by investigating functional interactions between the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), and primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy adolescent participants performing visually coordinated unimanual finger-movement and n-back working memory tasks. We discovered modulation of the SMA by the dACC by analysis of fMRI BOLD time series recorded from the three ROIs (SMA, dACC, and M1) in each participant. Two...
Show moreWe sought to better understand human motor control by investigating functional interactions between the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), and primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy adolescent participants performing visually coordinated unimanual finger-movement and n-back working memory tasks. We discovered modulation of the SMA by the dACC by analysis of fMRI BOLD time series recorded from the three ROIs (SMA, dACC, and M1) in each participant. Two measures of functional interaction were used: undirected functional connectivity was measured using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC), and directed functional connectivity was measured from linear autoregressive (AR) models. In the first project, task-specific modulation of the SMA by the dACC was discovered while subjects performed a coordinated unimanual finger-movement task, in which the finger movement was synchronized with an exogenous visual stimulus. In the second project, modulation of the SMA by the dACC was found to be significantly greater in the finger coordination task than in an n-back working memory, in which the same finger movement signified a motor response indicating a 0-back or 2-back working memory match. We thus demonstrated in the first study that the dACC sends task-specific directed signals to the supplementary motor area, suggesting a role for the dACC in top-down motor control. Finally, the second study revealed that these signals were significantly greater in the coordinated motor task than in the n-back working memory task, suggesting that the modulation of the SMA by the dACC was associated with sustained, continuous motor production and/or motor expectation, rather than with the motor movement itself.
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Date Issued
2015
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004478
Subject Headings
Brain mapping, Cerebral cortex -- Anatomy, Cognitive neuroscience, Computational neuroscience, Movement sequences, Perceptual motor learning, Sensorimotor integration
Format
Document (PDF)