Current Search: Mangroves (x)
Pages
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Title
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Stochastic events and dynamics of a mangrove root epifaunal community.
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Creator
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Bingham, Brian L., Young, Craig M., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1995
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00007233
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Subject Headings
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Mangroves, Ascidians, Sponges, Stability
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Mangrove forests.
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Creator
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Gilmore, R. G., Snedaker, S. C., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1993
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3342299
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove forests, Physiography, Geomorphology, Mangrove plants--Florida
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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ICHTHYOPLANKTON RECRUITMENT WITHIN MANGROVE-DOMINATED MOSQUITO CONTROL IMPOUNDMENTS.
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Creator
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Rodrigue, Margaret, Hanisak, M. Dennis, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
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Abstract/Description
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Coastal wetlands across the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on the east coast of Florida have been impounded for mosquito control purposes, which have been known to have adverse effects on overall fish populations. The objective of this project was to assess the use of culverts by species of larval fish at three impounded mangrove sites in the IRL. Light traps were used to collect samples of larval fish (both inside the basins and in the surrounding lagoon) which were humanely euthanized, preserved...
Show moreCoastal wetlands across the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on the east coast of Florida have been impounded for mosquito control purposes, which have been known to have adverse effects on overall fish populations. The objective of this project was to assess the use of culverts by species of larval fish at three impounded mangrove sites in the IRL. Light traps were used to collect samples of larval fish (both inside the basins and in the surrounding lagoon) which were humanely euthanized, preserved, and examined under a digital microscope. A total of 3,926 fish were collected from 24 taxa in 576 samples over the year-long study. Larval seasonality generally followed known reproductive seasonality of the species captured. Inside the impoundments were dominated by species known to spawn in and around mangroves such as the Gambusia holbrooki and Poecilia latipinna. Species that spawn in the IRL or in coastal waters that subsequently use the IRL as a nursery (such as Anchoa mitchilli and Gobiosoma robustum) had relatively low catches in the impoundments. Larvae of the main sportfishery species that have juveniles known to utilize the studied impoundments (Megalops atlanticus, the Atlantic tarpon, and Centropomus undecimalis, the common snook), were rarely caught inside the impoundments or in the surrounding IRL. The low numbers of IRL and offshore spawning larvae that enter the impoundments may be hindered by restricted water flow through culverts connecting the habitats, or by their inability to survive the low DO conditions often found inside the impoundments, especially during the summer. The lack of larval tarpon and snook in the light collections suggest that these species metamorphose from the larval to juvenile stage outside of the impoundments, before they enter the mangrove-dominated nursery habitats. The results of the study can be used to further modify impoundment restoration and management strategies to enhance their role as fish nursery habitats.
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Date Issued
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2023
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014256
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Subject Headings
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Indian River (Fla. : Lagoon), Mangrove ecology, Mangrove restoration, Snook, Tarpon
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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The tobacco range fracture zone: a unique system of slumped mangrove peat.
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Creator
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Littler, Mark M., Littler, Diane S., MacIntyre, I. G., Brooks, Barrett L., Taylor, P. R., Lapointe, Brian E.
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Date Issued
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1995
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00007098
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Subject Headings
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Belize, Mangrove, Peat, Thalassia testudinum
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Hypoxia-induced physiological changes in two mangrove swamp fishes: sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede and sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur).
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Creator
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Peterson, Mark S., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1990
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3353852
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove swamps, Hypoxia (Water), Ecophysiology
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Factors Influencing the Distribution and Abundance of Sphaeroma terebrans in Florida’s Red Mangroves.
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Creator
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Huff, Sarah, Devlin, Donna, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences
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Abstract/Description
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In Palm Beach County, S. terebrans burrows into grounded roots and trunks of R. mangle causing collapse. This is contrary to previous studies suggesting this species burrows only into free-hanging roots. Nutrients and C. virginica cover may affect S. terebrans abundance and distribution. Surveys show burrowing significantly varies among sites, but not between free-hanging and grounded roots. Nutrients vary by site, but neither N nor P was correlated with burrowing. Nutrient treated roots...
Show moreIn Palm Beach County, S. terebrans burrows into grounded roots and trunks of R. mangle causing collapse. This is contrary to previous studies suggesting this species burrows only into free-hanging roots. Nutrients and C. virginica cover may affect S. terebrans abundance and distribution. Surveys show burrowing significantly varies among sites, but not between free-hanging and grounded roots. Nutrients vary by site, but neither N nor P was correlated with burrowing. Nutrient treated roots showed no colonization pattern associated with N or P. Lignin varied among sites, but didn’t affect burrowing. Finally, C. virginica limited colonization in the portion of R. mangle tissue it covered. The location of C. virginica on the seaward/landward side was not predictive of burrowing. R. mangle height and leaves were not negatively affected by cover treatment or burrowing. Results highlight the need for additional research to determine the influence of environmental factors on this species interaction.
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Date Issued
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2018
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013048
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Subject Headings
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Sphaeroma, Rhizophora mangle, Red mangrove
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Trophic linkages of primary producers and consumers in fringing mangroves of tropical lagoons.
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Creator
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Kieckbusch, David Keith, Florida Atlantic University, Koch, Marguerite, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences
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Abstract/Description
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Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were analyzed to investigate the trophic linkages between primary producers and consumers in fringing mangrove ecosystems of The Bahamas and Biscayne Bay, Florida. The isotope ratios, in conjunction with stomach content analysis, were used to trace the flow of organic matter from the primary organic sources (mangroves, seagrass and macro-algae) to primary consumers and ultimately to the gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus). We found the mean delta^13C...
Show moreStable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were analyzed to investigate the trophic linkages between primary producers and consumers in fringing mangrove ecosystems of The Bahamas and Biscayne Bay, Florida. The isotope ratios, in conjunction with stomach content analysis, were used to trace the flow of organic matter from the primary organic sources (mangroves, seagrass and macro-algae) to primary consumers and ultimately to the gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus). We found the mean delta^13C value of the primary consumers (-17.1%) to be closely related to the mean values of the macro-algal material (-16.7%) and the seagrass (-10.5%) with very little correlation to the carbon signature of mangroves (mean = -27.4%). Our results suggest the ultimate source of carbon for the primary and secondary consumers, located at our study sites, is algal and seagrass material, individually or possibly as a mixture, and that mangroves are not the sole source of carbon in these systems.
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Date Issued
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2001
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12754
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove ecology, Food chains (Ecology)
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Mangrove Morphological Change Across an Environmental Gradients: Implications for Competitive Ability in a Changing Climate.
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Creator
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Standish, Hilary, Proffitt, C. Edward, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences
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Abstract/Description
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In Florida, mangroves have responded to climate change by slowly migrating northward into traditional salt marsh habitat. However, little is understood about the relationships among mangrove growth form plasticity and environmental conditions. In addition, the effects of the mangrove northward expansion on pre-existing salt marsh communities are unknown, especially any influences of differences in tree morphology. The size, canopy structure, and root structure of the three mangrove species...
Show moreIn Florida, mangroves have responded to climate change by slowly migrating northward into traditional salt marsh habitat. However, little is understood about the relationships among mangrove growth form plasticity and environmental conditions. In addition, the effects of the mangrove northward expansion on pre-existing salt marsh communities are unknown, especially any influences of differences in tree morphology. The size, canopy structure, and root structure of the three mangrove species Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa were measured at six sites along the east coast of Florida. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the multivariate relationships between environmental and biotic variables. Mangrove growth form varied widely with environmental variables. The results of this study suggest that R. mangle expansion into salt marsh may rely on interactions with salt marsh and shading as well as on climatic variables, which has implications for future mangrove expansion northward in Florida.
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Date Issued
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2016
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004759, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004759
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove forests--Florida., Mangrove management., Mangrove ecology., Mangrove conservation., Marine ecosystem management--Florida., Coastal zone management--Florida., Forest ecology., Climatic changes--Florida.
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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THE IMPACT OF NUTRIENT LOADING ON THE SOIL AND ROOT RESPIRATION RATES OF FLORIDA MANGROVES.
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Creator
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Faron, Natalie Therese, Benscoter, Brian, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
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Abstract/Description
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Coastal nutrient loading is a growing concern in urbanized communities and has led to alterations in above- and belowground processes throughout estuarine systems. Mangrove forests are highly productive coastal habitats that exhibit large carbon stocks contained mostly to the deep soils. Since nutrient enrichment has been found to increase mangrove aboveground growth, it’s presumed that nutrient enrichment will also increase belowground respiration rates. Disturbances in soil nutrient content...
Show moreCoastal nutrient loading is a growing concern in urbanized communities and has led to alterations in above- and belowground processes throughout estuarine systems. Mangrove forests are highly productive coastal habitats that exhibit large carbon stocks contained mostly to the deep soils. Since nutrient enrichment has been found to increase mangrove aboveground growth, it’s presumed that nutrient enrichment will also increase belowground respiration rates. Disturbances in soil nutrient content may alter the mangrove carbon cycle by increasing the amount of CO2 lost to the atmosphere from enhanced microbial and root respiration. In this study, soil respiration responded greatest to nitrogen enrichment, but pneumatophore root respiration responded greatest to phosphorus enrichment. Nutrient limitation can shift between different ecological processes and responses to nutrient enrichment tend to be system specific in tidally influenced ecosystems. Understanding the implications of coastal nutrient loading will improve ecosystem models of carbon exchange and belowground processes.
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Date Issued
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2021
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013767
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove forests, Soil respiration, Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Confirming ecological factors affecting mangrove prop roots as habitat for oysters through structural equation modeling.
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Creator
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Aquino-Thomas, Jessene, Proffitt, C. Edward
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Date Issued
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2012-04-06
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3348615
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Subject Headings
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Marine ecosystems, Terrestrial ecosystems, Mangrove prop roots, Mangrove tree communities, Oyster habitat, Oyster reefs
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Influences of mosquito control impoundments on Rhizophora mangle initial propagule establishment and growth.
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Creator
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Coldren, Glenn A., Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College
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Abstract/Description
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Rotational Impoundment Management (RIM) is a commonly used method of mosquito control in Florida involving seasonal flooding during mosquito breeding season and allowances for natural tidal variations during summer flooding. My study looks at the effects of this impoundment strategy on the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., recruitment. Primary productivity of mangroves in these impoundments has been found to be similar to that of natural areas, although nutrient levels have been found to...
Show moreRotational Impoundment Management (RIM) is a commonly used method of mosquito control in Florida involving seasonal flooding during mosquito breeding season and allowances for natural tidal variations during summer flooding. My study looks at the effects of this impoundment strategy on the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., recruitment. Primary productivity of mangroves in these impoundments has been found to be similar to that of natural areas, although nutrient levels have been found to differ greatly. R. mangle is a completely viviparous species, and as such, maternal conditions have a strong effect on propagules. My study compares the initial establishment and growth of R. mangle propagules collected from and planted in both impounded and non-impounded sites.
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Date Issued
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2007
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/11618
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Subject Headings
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Red mangrove, Mangrove ecology, Wetland conservation, Mosquitos, Control
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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THE CRITICAL ROLE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATION SPECIES IN STRUCTURING A MANGROVE COMMUNITY.
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Creator
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Aquino-Thomas, Jessene, Brooks, W. Randy, Proffitt, C. Edward, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
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Abstract/Description
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The main objective of this research was to analyze how well my proposed Foundation Species Interaction model explained the benthic communities found on red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) prop roots. This research investigated the connections between the primary foundation species (mangroves), the dominant secondary foundations species (oysters, sponges, and barnacles), and the resulting biodiversity in order to understand the temporal and spatial variability of the ecosystems at different...
Show moreThe main objective of this research was to analyze how well my proposed Foundation Species Interaction model explained the benthic communities found on red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) prop roots. This research investigated the connections between the primary foundation species (mangroves), the dominant secondary foundations species (oysters, sponges, and barnacles), and the resulting biodiversity in order to understand the temporal and spatial variability of the ecosystems at different community levels. Chapter 1 was dedicated to explaining my change in ecological theory, the Foundation Species Interaction model. The interactions included in the model between the foundations species that were examined were the mutualistic (+, +), commensal (+, 0), and parasitic (+, -) interactions. Chapter 2 focused on exploration of the mangrove ecosystem in Southeast Florida and establishing where the secondary foundation species and prop root epibionts where found along the latitudinal gradient. The survey investigated the connections between mangroves, the dominant secondary foundations species (e.g. oysters, sponges, and barnacles), and the resulting biodiversity to understand the temporal and spatial variability of the ecosystems at different community levels. Chapter 3 was dedicated to testing the Foundation Species Interaction model’s ability to predict the biodiversity along the latitudinal gradient of the survey. The difference in mangrove prop root communities were largely explained by where the communities laid along the latitudinal gradient and by secondary foundation species presence. The shift from one foundation species to another had sizable effects on biodiversity. Chapter 4 combined the Foundation Species Interaction model with the established predation hypothesis and tested their abilities to explain biodiversity along the latitudinal gradient. This allowed for shifts in community structure to be examined for top-down and bottom-up influences. Predation effects changed along the latitudinal gradient, as the predation effects changed so did the effects of each of the individual foundation species.
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Date Issued
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2020
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013561
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove ecology--Florida, Rhizophora mangle, Red mangrove--Ecology, Biodiversity & ecology
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPIFAUNA ON PROP ROOTS OF RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L. IN LAKE SURPRISE, FLORIDA.
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Creator
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NICKELSEN, GARY L., Florida Atlantic University
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Abstract/Description
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The invertebrate epifauna associated with prop roots of a single strand of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., in Lake Surprise, Florida was sampled in May and November, 1975. A total of 108 species was collected. Dominant species included the amphipods Elasmopus pocillirnanus and Erichthonius brasiliensis, the polychaetes Syllis sp. and Vermiliopsis bermudensis, and the tanaidacean Apseudes propinquus. Fringe roots hosted greater numbers of species and individuals and a greater abundance...
Show moreThe invertebrate epifauna associated with prop roots of a single strand of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., in Lake Surprise, Florida was sampled in May and November, 1975. A total of 108 species was collected. Dominant species included the amphipods Elasmopus pocillirnanus and Erichthonius brasiliensis, the polychaetes Syllis sp. and Vermiliopsis bermudensis, and the tanaidacean Apseudes propinquus. Fringe roots hosted greater numbers of species and individuals and a greater abundance of sponges and epiphytes than roots in the interior of the strand. The root community was characterized by three assemblages. The algae-amphipod- tanaidacean assemblage was prominent on fringe roots. The sponge-polychaete assemblage (excluding serpulids) was represented well in both areas, but was more prominent at the fringe. The bare root-serpulid assemblage dominated much of the interior. Overall mean qiversi ty (HS) and equitability (E) were 2.60 and 0.65 respectively. Faunal density was 13,200 ind/m^2 of root surface.
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Date Issued
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1976
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13821
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove ecology--Florida--Lake Surprise, Red mangrove--Florida--Lake Surprise
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Postglacial expansion of Rhizophora Mangle l. In the Caribbean Sea and Florida.
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Creator
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Kennedy, John Paul, Devlin, Donna, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences
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Abstract/Description
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The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was a period of massive range contraction for numerous taxa, including the water-dispersed mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle L. Following the LGM, R. mangle expanded poleward via propagule transport by ocean currents. In this study, we use microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure of nine R. mangle populations and compare potential expansion pathways that resulted in the colonization of the Florida peninsula and Caribbean islands. Results show...
Show moreThe Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was a period of massive range contraction for numerous taxa, including the water-dispersed mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle L. Following the LGM, R. mangle expanded poleward via propagule transport by ocean currents. In this study, we use microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure of nine R. mangle populations and compare potential expansion pathways that resulted in the colonization of the Florida peninsula and Caribbean islands. Results show comparatively greater genetic connectivity between the Caribbean mainland and Florida, a similar pattern between West Africa and Caribbean islands, and substantial admixture on the island of San Salvador, the Bahamas. We conclude that Florida and Caribbean island R. mangle populations were likely recolonized via different expansion pathways. Estimates of recent migration rates are low and populations are structured into three regions (Caribbean mainland, Caribbean islands, Florida). These findings provide insight for future management and conservation initiatives.
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Date Issued
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2014
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004206, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004206
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove ecology -- Caribbean Sea, Mangrove ecology -- Florida, Marine ecology -- Caribbean Sea, Marine ecology -- Florida., Red mangrove, Shore protection -- Florida, Wetland conservation
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Absorption efficiencies of the intertidal mangrove dwelling mollusk Melampus coffeus LINNÉ and the rocky intertidal mollusk Acanthopleura granulata GMELIN.
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Creator
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Mook, David H., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1986
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3342276
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Subject Headings
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Mollusks, Snails, Intertidal organisms, Chitons, Mangrove swamps, Feeding
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island.
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Creator
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Carlson, Paul R., Yarbro, Laura A., Zimmermann, Carl F., Montgomery, John R., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1983
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00007481
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Subject Headings
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Pore water--Florida--Indian River, Mangroves, Sediment
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Hypoxia-induced changes in vertical position and activity in juvenile snook, Centropomus undecimalis: its potential role in survival.
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Creator
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Peterson, Mark S., Borckmeyer, Ronald E., Jr., Scheidt, Douglas M., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1991
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00007498
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Subject Headings
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Snook, Mangrove forests, Hypoxia (Water), Fishes--Behavior
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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Life histories in an epifaunal community: coupling of adult and larval processes.
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Creator
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Bingham, Brian L., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
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Date Issued
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1992
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3172818
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Subject Headings
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Marine invertebrates --Florida, Plankton, Mangrove, Larvae, Spatial analysis
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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The multiple stress gradient hypothesis: expansion of the revised stress gradient hypothesis using a mangrove and salt marsh study system.
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Creator
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Coldren, Glenn A., Proffitt, C. Edward, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences
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Abstract/Description
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Plant interactions (e.g., competition, facilitation) are critical drivers in community development and structure. The Stress Gradient Hypothesis (SGH) provides a predictive framework for how plant species interactions vary inversely across an environmental stress gradient, predicting that facilitation is stronger with increasing levels of stress. The SGH has been supported in numerous ecosystems and across a variety of stress gradients, but recent research has demonstrated contradictory...
Show morePlant interactions (e.g., competition, facilitation) are critical drivers in community development and structure. The Stress Gradient Hypothesis (SGH) provides a predictive framework for how plant species interactions vary inversely across an environmental stress gradient, predicting that facilitation is stronger with increasing levels of stress. The SGH has been supported in numerous ecosystems and across a variety of stress gradients, but recent research has demonstrated contradictory results. These discrepancies have led to SGH revisions that expand its conceptual framework by incorporating additional factors, such as other stressor types and variations in species life history strategies. In this dissertation, I examine a further modification of the SGH by proposing and testing a Multiple Stress Gradient Hypothesis (MSGH) that considers how plant interactions vary along a continuous gradient of two co-occurring stressors using mangrove and salt marsh communities as a case study. In Chapter 1, I outline the predictive framework of a MSGH, by creating a series of predictions of species interactions. The components of the MSGH predict that stressors of similar types (e.g., resource and nonresource) will have similar effects and be additive. On the other hand, varying species life history strategies and life stages will lead to extremes of plant interactions. In Chapter 2, I performed a series of experiments to test the various components of the MSGH. In Chapter 3, I performed a large-scale observational study to test whether multiple co-occurring stressors altered the cumulative effects on plant interactions, and if these stressors should be grouped (e.g., resource and non-resource, abiotic and biotic, etc.) to enhance predictability. From a series of studies conducted herein, I concluded that co-occurring stressors are important factors that control complex species interactions as shown in my MSGH modeling approach. Further, future theories need to incorporate species-specific and stressor specific grouping when modeling how species interactions shape communities.
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Date Issued
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2013
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA0004011
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Subject Headings
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Coastal ecology, Ecophysiology, Mangrove ecology, Plant ecology, Salt marsh ecology
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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Title
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THE EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT INPUTS ON SURFACE ELEVATION CHANGE PROCESSES IN TIDAL MANGROVE FORESTS.
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Creator
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Conrad, Jeremy R., Benscoter, Brian, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
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Abstract/Description
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Coastal mangrove forests are at risk of being submerged due to sea level rise (SLR). However, mangroves have persisted with changing sea levels due to a variety of biotic and physical feedback mechanisms that allow them to gain and maintain relative soil surface elevation. Mechanisms of surface elevation change (SEC) include leaf, wood, and root production, decomposition, and sedimentation/erosion, the combination of which result in a net change in the soil’s surface elevation. Therefore,...
Show moreCoastal mangrove forests are at risk of being submerged due to sea level rise (SLR). However, mangroves have persisted with changing sea levels due to a variety of biotic and physical feedback mechanisms that allow them to gain and maintain relative soil surface elevation. Mechanisms of surface elevation change (SEC) include leaf, wood, and root production, decomposition, and sedimentation/erosion, the combination of which result in a net change in the soil’s surface elevation. Therefore, mangrove forest resilience to SLR is dependent upon their ability to migrate inland or to build soil elevation at a rate that tracks with SLR. However, anthropogenic disturbances, such as altered hydrology and eutrophication, can degrade mangrove forest health and compromise their land building processes placing them at greater risk of succumbing to SLR.
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Date Issued
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2022
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014078
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Subject Headings
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Mangrove ecology, Sea level, Nutrients in ecosystems, Eutrophication
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Format
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Document (PDF)
Pages