Current Search: Judgment Ethics (x)
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- Title
- The attentional basis of deontic and moral reasoning in social situations.
- Creator
- Sellers, Patrick D. II, Causey, Kayla B., Bjorklund, David F., Graduate College
- Date Issued
- 2011-04-08
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3164796, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FADT3164796
- Subject Headings
- Social contract, Deontic logic, Judgment (Ethics)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Attentional basis of deontic reasoning about permission rules in 3-5 year-old children.
- Creator
- Sellers, Patrick D. II, Bjorklund, David F., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Deontic reasoning is a domain of reasoning concerning permissions, obligations, and prohibitions often utilizing conditional logic (Wason, 1968). Correct identification of rule violations is bolstered by the addition of a social valence to the rule for both adults (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992) and children (Harris & Nunez, 1996). This “deontic advantage” for violation-detection is taken as evidence for evolved social-cognitive mechanisms for reasoning about cheaters in the context of social...
Show moreDeontic reasoning is a domain of reasoning concerning permissions, obligations, and prohibitions often utilizing conditional logic (Wason, 1968). Correct identification of rule violations is bolstered by the addition of a social valence to the rule for both adults (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992) and children (Harris & Nunez, 1996). This “deontic advantage” for violation-detection is taken as evidence for evolved social-cognitive mechanisms for reasoning about cheaters in the context of social contracts (Fiddick, 2004), and the early development of this advantage supports an evolutionary account of such abilities (Cummins, 2013). The current research hypothesized that differential attention to rule elements underlies the early emergence of the deontic advantage. Accuracy to a change-detection paradigm was used to assess implicit attention to various rule elements after children were told 4 different rules (2 social contracts, 2 epistemic statements). Thirteen 3-year-olds, twenty 4-year-olds, and sixteen 5-year-olds completed the experiment. Each participant completed 64 change-detection trials embedded within a scene depicting adherence to or violation of the rule. Results indicate that 4 and 5 year-olds consistently attend to the most relevant rule information for making decisions regarding violation (F(6, 124)=3.86, p<.01, ηp 2 = .144) and that they use observed compliance/non-compliance with the rule to further direct attention (F(6, 138)=3.27, p<.01, ηp 2 = .125). Furthermore, accuracy of change-detection to scenes of rule violation increases from ages 4 to 5, but not 3 to 4. However, a novel finding emerged suggesting that children use the absence of benefit to direct attention, suggesting possible “being-cheated” detection, rather than cheater-detection (F(9, 345) = 21.855, p<.001, ηp 2 = .322). This work is the first to investigate a deontic effect on attentional processes and opens a new avenue of inquiry to understanding the internal and external variables contributing to the development of deontic reasoning. Follow up studies are currently underway to clarify how children use these environmental cues and in/out group membership to direct attention to rule violations.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004159
- Subject Headings
- Child development, Child psychology, Judgment (Ethics), Judgment in children, Moral development, Reasoning in children
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- The influence of professional identity and outcome knowledge on professional judgment.
- Creator
- Johnson, Anna J., Higgs, Julia, Florida Atlantic University, College of Business, School of Accounting
- Abstract/Description
-
In response to the release of one of its Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board) inspection reports, Deloitte notes that “[p]rofessional judgments of reasonable and highly competent people may differ as to the nature and extent of necessary auditing procedures, conclusions reached and required documentation” (PCAOB, 2008, 30). Other responses to PCAOB findings echo this sentiment. Stakeholders need to understand causes of differences between experts’ professional judgments...
Show moreIn response to the release of one of its Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board) inspection reports, Deloitte notes that “[p]rofessional judgments of reasonable and highly competent people may differ as to the nature and extent of necessary auditing procedures, conclusions reached and required documentation” (PCAOB, 2008, 30). Other responses to PCAOB findings echo this sentiment. Stakeholders need to understand causes of differences between experts’ professional judgments to effectively utilize PCAOB inspection findings and firms’ responses to those findings. This study uses Social Identity Theory to explore whether role identity as an audit partner, internal reviewer, or PCAOB inspector, influences an expert’s judgments in an ambiguous decision environment. I find that professional judgments do not differ based on professional identity. This study also examines whether the presence or absence of outcome knowledge explains judgment differences among auditing experts. Consistent with prior research, e.g. Peecher & Piercey, 2008, outcome knowledge does affect experts’ professional judgment. I also find that experts’ level of organizational identification and membership esteem impacts professional judgment.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004126, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004126
- Subject Headings
- Accountants -- Professional ethics, Accounting -- Decision making, Auditing -- Decision making, Business ethics, Judgment, Managerial accounting
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- CHILDREN’S MORAL SENSITIVITY: AN EXAMINATION OF THE SUSPECTED LINK BETWEEN ALTRUISTIC PUNISHMENT AND MORAL JUDGMENTS.
- Creator
- Dukes, Charles, Bjorklund, David F., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Developmental research on moral psychology has long been driven by the classic studies of Lawrence Kohlberg with an almost exclusive focus on reasoning. The adoption of an evolutionary perspective has opened moral psychology to investigations into the deep roots of morality. From this perspective, it is thought that group living (cooperation), evolved psychological mechanisms, disgust, emotion, and punishment make for the complex building blocks that is morality. Based on this notion, it is...
Show moreDevelopmental research on moral psychology has long been driven by the classic studies of Lawrence Kohlberg with an almost exclusive focus on reasoning. The adoption of an evolutionary perspective has opened moral psychology to investigations into the deep roots of morality. From this perspective, it is thought that group living (cooperation), evolved psychological mechanisms, disgust, emotion, and punishment make for the complex building blocks that is morality. Based on this notion, it is quite possible that morality is present early in life and driven by the forces of natural selection. Thus, moral development may be understood by taking a different approach, one that takes into account the tenants of evolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of third-party punishment on children’s moral sentiments using a common moral transgression (exclusion from a group). For this cross-sectional study, children in age groups 4-5, 7-8, and 12-13 years heard two short stories describing a perpetrator (matched in gender to the participant) who excludes a victim (also matched in gender to the participant). For each story, children were asked to imagine a different relationship to the victim: kin (i.e., brother or sister) or non-kin (i.e., friend/stranger). After each story, children were asked to rate the intensity of the moral transgression, choose a possible punishment for the perpetrator, identify an emotion associated with the transgression, and then offer a justification for the emotion. A total of 109 children were interviewed for the study. Results were mixed. Relationship (kin vs. non-kin) made a difference in some cases, while not in others. Overall, all children rated the treatment of the victim as wrong, deemed punishment as necessary, and reported neutral emotions. The children in the 12 to 13 age group were different on measures of wrongness and emotional responses. There is some evidence that relationship may influence moral sentiments, which is in line with an evolutionary hypothesis. Moral sentiments seem to be present early, and common moral transgressions are perceived as wrong early and consistently across age groups. This study provides some insight into the evolutionary roots of morality. Additional research is necessary to gain a greater understanding of other factors contributing to the evolutionary roots of morality.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013300
- Subject Headings
- Moral development, Ethics, Evolutionary, Moral judgment, Children, Punishment, Moral psychology of the emotions
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Keeping an eye on cheaters: cognitive and social determinates of successful deontic reasoning in preschool children.
- Creator
- Sellers, Patrick D. II, Bjorklund, David F., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Deontic reasoning is a domain of reasoning concerning permissions, obligations, and prohibitions founded on conditional logic (Wason,1968). The inclusion of a social valence to deontic rules leads to increased rule violation identification in both adults (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992) and children (Harris & Nunez, 1996), suggesting an evolutionary advantage for a specific class of reasoning known as “cheater-detection” (Fiddick, 2004). The current investigation is the first attempt to understand...
Show moreDeontic reasoning is a domain of reasoning concerning permissions, obligations, and prohibitions founded on conditional logic (Wason,1968). The inclusion of a social valence to deontic rules leads to increased rule violation identification in both adults (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992) and children (Harris & Nunez, 1996), suggesting an evolutionary advantage for a specific class of reasoning known as “cheater-detection” (Fiddick, 2004). The current investigation is the first attempt to understand the cognitive and social variables that account for children’s logical reasoning advantage in social violation situations.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004464
- Subject Headings
- Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Deontic logic, Developmental psychology, Judgment (Ethics), Judgment in children, Moral development, Moral motivation, Practical reason, Reasoning in children
- Format
- Document (PDF)