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Title: Gender self-discrepancies in middle childhood: influences on children’s personal and social adjustment.
Creator: Cooper, Patrick J., Perry, David G., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: A self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195)...
Show moreA self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195) completed a variety of self- and peer-report questionnaires in the fall and spring of the school year. Children reported gender stereotypes and self-appraisals for four attributes (body image, athletics, dominance, and popularity). Measures of gender identity and of adjustment were also collected. Results suggested that children who possess a gender self discrepancy are at risk for maladjustment, especially internalizing difficulties and victimization by both girls and boys.
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Date Issued: 2014
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187
Subject Headings: Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Self actualization (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Gender identity effects on school outcomes.
Creator: Sharif, Medeia., Florida Atlantic University, Perry, Louise C.
Abstract/Description: Children's (Grades 4--8) gender identity was examined as a predictor of academic self-concept, achievement, attitudes, and conduct. Three gender identity components were assessed: (a) feelings of being typical of one's gender, (b) feeling content with one's gender assignment, and (c) feeling pressured to conform to one's gender. It was expected that gender typicality and contentedness would be positive influences, whereas felt pressure would be a negative influence. Results were partially...
Show moreChildren's (Grades 4--8) gender identity was examined as a predictor of academic self-concept, achievement, attitudes, and conduct. Three gender identity components were assessed: (a) feelings of being typical of one's gender, (b) feeling content with one's gender assignment, and (c) feeling pressured to conform to one's gender. It was expected that gender typicality and contentedness would be positive influences, whereas felt pressure would be a negative influence. Results were partially supportive, but showed that relationships varied substantially with child gender and the gender-normative relevance of a given academic domain (math vs. English). It was concluded that gender identity factors have importance not only for children's personal/social adjustment but also for their academic outcomes.
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Date Issued: 2001
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12859
Subject Headings: Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in children, Academic achievement
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Three new measures of gender identity: Implications for children's psychosocial development.
Creator: Egan, Susan K., Florida Atlantic University, Perry, David G.
Abstract/Description: The present dissertation introduces three new measures of gender identity and examines their relations to psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-concept and peer acceptance) in preadolescence. The sample consisted of 182 4th- through 8th-grade children. The three measures assessed (a) feelings of overall similarity to and compatibility with one's gender (goodness-of-fit), (b) feelings of pressure to conform to sex-role stereotypes (felt pressure), and (c) belief that one's sex is superior to the...
Show moreThe present dissertation introduces three new measures of gender identity and examines their relations to psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-concept and peer acceptance) in preadolescence. The sample consisted of 182 4th- through 8th-grade children. The three measures assessed (a) feelings of overall similarity to and compatibility with one's gender (goodness-of-fit), (b) feelings of pressure to conform to sex-role stereotypes (felt pressure), and (c) belief that one's sex is superior to the other sex (intergroup bias). Both concurrent and short-term longitudinal analyses indicated that goodness-of-fit was beneficial to psychosocial adjustment, whereas both felt pressure and intergroup bias undermined psychosocial adjustment. Furthermore, goodness-of-fit mediated many of the relations of domain-specific sex-typing measures (e.g., traits) to adjustment. The present dissertation helps identify some of the inherent limitations in previous work on gender identity, provides new insight into the relation of children's gender identity and psychosocial development, and raises suggestions for future inquiry.
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Date Issued: 1999
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12616
Subject Headings: Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology) in children, Child development
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Children's conceptual understanding of growth.
Creator: Copeland, Aquilla D., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Growth is a property that is unique to living things. Studies demonstrate that even preschool children use growth to determine whether objects are alive. However, little identifies explanations that children use to attribute growth. The goal of the present study was to investigate how people reason about growth. We hypothesized that older children would outperform younger children in understanding that growth is inevitable for living things, while adults would consistently perform at ceiling...
Show moreGrowth is a property that is unique to living things. Studies demonstrate that even preschool children use growth to determine whether objects are alive. However, little identifies explanations that children use to attribute growth. The goal of the present study was to investigate how people reason about growth. We hypothesized that older children would outperform younger children in understanding that growth is inevitable for living things, while adults would consistently perform at ceiling levels. Our hypothesis was partially supported. Although adults consistently outperformed children, older children rarely outperformed younger children. Still, both younger and older children performed above chance in attributing growth. Moreover, all participants were more likely to use biological explanations to explain growth. Taken together, this research qualifies the early hypotheses of Piaget (1929) and Carey (1985) that children lack a well developed biological domain before age nine, but suggests that a biological domain, though less developed, is present. Based on these findings, implications for more efficient approaches to science education are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2010
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2974434
Subject Headings: Cognition in children, Imagery (Psychology) in children, Child development, Identity (Psychology) in children
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Gender identity and gender stereotypes as interacting influences on children's adjustment.
Creator: Franz, Stephanie., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: One of the hypotheses put forth by the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM) is the stereotype emulation hypothesis. This hypothesis states that one role of gender identity is to motivate children to follow gender stereotypes that they have internalized. The GSSM also states that each of the constructs of gender identity, gender stereotypes, and gender typing is product of the cognitive interplay between the other two. Egan and Perry (2001) conceptualized gender identity as multidimensional,...
Show moreOne of the hypotheses put forth by the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM) is the stereotype emulation hypothesis. This hypothesis states that one role of gender identity is to motivate children to follow gender stereotypes that they have internalized. The GSSM also states that each of the constructs of gender identity, gender stereotypes, and gender typing is product of the cognitive interplay between the other two. Egan and Perry (2001) conceptualized gender identity as multidimensional, and one of these dimensions is felt pressure against other gender behavior. This study found that there was an interaction between one aspect of gender identity (felt pressure) and gender stereotypes, supporting the stereotype emulation hypothesis. This study also found that the interaction between felt pressure and sexism was more powerful in predicting adjustment in children than looking only at the main effect of felt pressure.
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Date Issued: 2009
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/186690
Subject Headings: Stereotype (Psychology), Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in children, Social interaction in children, Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Resilience (Personality trait) in children
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Narcissism, perceptions of peer relationships, and target-specific aggression in middle childhood.
Creator: Anderson, Chelsie., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: This study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's...
Show moreThis study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's liking of each peer, (c) each peer's actual liking of the child, and (d) the child's perceived similarity to each peer. Participants were 197 children in the fourth through eighth grades at a university school. Narcissism predicted the four types of target-specific aggression in disparate ways for boys and girls. Narcissistic boys were especially likely to direct aggression toward male peers whom (a) they perceived as disliking them, (b) they disliked, and (c) they perceived as dissimilar to themselves. Narcissistic girls were especially likely to attack female peers whom they perceived as similar to themselves. Narcissism may enhance different motives for boys and girls in same-sex peer relatinships. We propose that narcissism enhances investment in status and rivalry amoung girls while enhancing the motive to attack dissimilar peers among boys.
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Date Issued: 2012
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3356886
Subject Headings: Identity (Psychology) in children, Adjustment (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology), Affect (Psychology), Aggressiveness, Narcissism, Philosophy, Interpersonal relations in children, Social interaction in children, Self-esteem in children
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Gender Stereotypes and Gender Identity as Interacting Influences on Children's Self-Concepts: A Self-Socialization Model of Gender Development.
Creator: Tobin, Desiree Denise, Florida Atlantic University, Perry, David G., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: The goal of this study was to test the gender self-socialization model (GSSM). This model suggests that gender identity motivates children to strive for cognitive consistency between their gender stereotypes and their self-efficacy for those stereotypes. This study presents a novel approach to stereotype assessment by focusing on children's idiosyncratic stereotypes (as opposed to number of commonly shared stereotypes, which do not provide detailed information about the types of stereotypes...
Show moreThe goal of this study was to test the gender self-socialization model (GSSM). This model suggests that gender identity motivates children to strive for cognitive consistency between their gender stereotypes and their self-efficacy for those stereotypes. This study presents a novel approach to stereotype assessment by focusing on children's idiosyncratic stereotypes (as opposed to number of commonly shared stereotypes, which do not provide detailed information about the types of stereotypes individual children hold). Participants were 305 children in grades three through eight (Mage = 10.8 years). Independent variables included children's stereotypes of 62 contextually tagged behaviors and gender identity (comprising five dimensions). Interactive influences of children's stereotypes and gender identity on self-efficacy were investigated. As expected, stereotypes and gender identity worked together to predict children's self-efficacy perception for the 62 behaviors. These findings suggest that the role of gender identity is important in the adoption of personally held gender stereotypes.
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Date Issued: 2007
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000881
Subject Headings: Psychology, Social, Psychology, Developmental, Self in children, Self--Social aspects, Identity (Psychology), Social interaction
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Gender, sports, and adjustment in preadolescent children.
Creator: Cooper, Patrick J., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: The fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys...
Show moreThe fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys influence sports self-efficacy. In girls, both the belief that sports is important for girls and the belief that sports is important for boys predicted sports self-efficacy. Sports self-efficacy predicted benefits for girls adjustment (high self-esteem, higher body satisfaction, lower depression and lower anxiety) but both positive and negative outcomes for boys (higher narcissism, higher aggression, and lower depression and lower anxiety). The findings overall suggest that the correlates of sports self-efficacy are somewhat different for boys and for girls.
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Date Issued: 2010
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/1927605
Subject Headings: Physical education and training, Psychological aspects, Sports, Psychological aspects, Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Understanding narcissism and self-esteem in children: proposing a new conceptualization of narcissism.
Creator: Evans, Rachel., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: This study examined the empirical relationship between narcissism and self-esteem in an attempt to evaluate competing conceptualizations of narcissism. Participants were 236 children (mean age 11.3 years) in the fourth through eighth grades. Counter to earlier conceptions, which characterized narcissism as very high self-esteem, narcissism and self-esteem were slightly negatively correlated. Also, narcissism predicted several adjustment variables, including aggression. None of these...
Show moreThis study examined the empirical relationship between narcissism and self-esteem in an attempt to evaluate competing conceptualizations of narcissism. Participants were 236 children (mean age 11.3 years) in the fourth through eighth grades. Counter to earlier conceptions, which characterized narcissism as very high self-esteem, narcissism and self-esteem were slightly negatively correlated. Also, narcissism predicted several adjustment variables, including aggression. None of these relationships was mediated by self-esteem. Lastly, self-esteem moderated the relationship between narcissism and aggression in boys. Taken together, these lines of evidence point to a new conceptualization of narcissism, modeled after self-discrepancy theory, in which narcissism is conceptualized as grandiosity in the ideal self. Implications of this proposal and directions for future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2009
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/186767
Subject Headings: Self-esteem in children, Narcissism, Philosophy, Identity (Psychology), Affect (Psychology), Self (Philosophy), Borderline personality disorders in children
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: The developmental costs of high self-esteem.
Creator: Menon, Madhavi, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Two potential developmental costs of high self-esteem were investigated. One was that high self-esteem leads children to act on antisocial cognitions (the disposition activating hypothesis). The other was that high self-esteem leads children to rationalize antisocial conduct (the disposition-rationalizing hypothesis). Both hypotheses were explored in two longitudinal studies with preadolescents. In Study 1 (N = 189) the antisocial behavior was aggression; in Study 2 (N = 407) the antisocial...
Show moreTwo potential developmental costs of high self-esteem were investigated. One was that high self-esteem leads children to act on antisocial cognitions (the disposition activating hypothesis). The other was that high self-esteem leads children to rationalize antisocial conduct (the disposition-rationalizing hypothesis). Both hypotheses were explored in two longitudinal studies with preadolescents. In Study 1 (N = 189) the antisocial behavior was aggression; in Study 2 (N = 407) the antisocial behavior under focus was avoidance of the mother. There was little evidence for the disposition-activating hypothesis in either study but considerable support for the disposition-rationalizing hypothesis in both studies. Over time, aggressive children with high self-esteem increasingly valued the rewards that aggression offers and belittled their victims, and avoidant children with high self-esteem increasingly viewed their mother as harassing and uninvolved. Results therefore suggest that for antisocial children, high self-esteem carries costs, for both themselves and others.
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Date Issued: 2007
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/42773
Subject Headings: Self in children, Self, Social aspects, Identity (Psychology), Self-defeating behavior, Medicine and psychology
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Narcissism, adjustment, and target-specific aggression in preadolescence: a test of the self-image failure hypothesis.
Creator: Pauletti, Rachel E., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: This study examined the consequences of self-image failure among narcissistic children. It was hypothesized that narcissistic children who perceive themselves as falling short of their hoped-for grandiose self (e.g., whose self-esteem is low) would not only increase over time in general aggression and decrease prosocial behavior, but also increase in the tendency to direct aggression specifically toward more socially successful peers (i.e., their putative rivals for social status)....
Show moreThis study examined the consequences of self-image failure among narcissistic children. It was hypothesized that narcissistic children who perceive themselves as falling short of their hoped-for grandiose self (e.g., whose self-esteem is low) would not only increase over time in general aggression and decrease prosocial behavior, but also increase in the tendency to direct aggression specifically toward more socially successful peers (i.e., their putative rivals for social status). Participants were 195 (101 boys) fourth through seventh-graders who were tested in both the fall and the spring of a school year. Results yielded some support for the hypotheses. Narcissism combined with low self-appraisals of the real self to predict decreases in prosocial behavior and increased aggression toward popular and attractive peers. These findings not only provide longitudinal evidence for the self-image failure hypothesis but also underscore the importance of a target-specific approach to investigating children's aggression.
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Date Issued: 2013
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3362564
Subject Headings: Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Interpersonal relations in children, Narcissism, Aggressiveness, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Self-esteem in adolescence, Social interaction in adolescence
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Links between attachment profiles and adjustment outcomes in preadolescence.
Creator: Garic, Dea, Perry, David G., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: The current study examined the possibility of using cluster analysis to classify attachment styles in middle childhood. Attachment classifications were measured by looking at child coping strategies and perceived maternal behavior. The attachment classification was then tested for construct validity by examining whether it can predict adjustment outcomes in interpretable patterns. The adjustment outcomes examined were a self-reported global self-worth scale and peer-reported internalizing and...
Show moreThe current study examined the possibility of using cluster analysis to classify attachment styles in middle childhood. Attachment classifications were measured by looking at child coping strategies and perceived maternal behavior. The attachment classification was then tested for construct validity by examining whether it can predict adjustment outcomes in interpretable patterns. The adjustment outcomes examined were a self-reported global self-worth scale and peer-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors measured using a Peer Nomination Inventory. The current study had 199 third through eight graders and provided evidence for the cluster analysis approach and also showed that the disorganized attachment was associated with the most adverse adjustment outcomes. That is, results showed that disorganized attachment was linked with the lowest levels of global self-worth and the highest rates of internalizing and externalizing behaviors and was significantly different from the securely attached cluster on each measure. The implications and possible underlying causes are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2015
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004443, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004443
Subject Headings: Adjustment (Psychology) in adolescence, Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Attachment behavior in adolescence, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Interpersonal relations in adolescence, Interpersonal relations in children, Self esteem in adolescence, Social interaction in adolescence, Social interaction in children
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: GIving voice to historical trauma through storytelling: the impact of boarding school experience on American Indians.
Creator: Charbonneau-Dahlen, Barbara K., Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Abstract/Description: Objectives: This study documented events contributing to historical trauma among American Indian mission boarding school survivors, described residual effects of that trauma, and verified the Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel model as a culturally appropriate tool that enhanced storytelling. Research Design and Methods: Nine women from two Upper Plains tribes were located through snowball sampling and participant referrals. A descriptive exploratory qualitative approach facilitated them in...
Show moreObjectives: This study documented events contributing to historical trauma among American Indian mission boarding school survivors, described residual effects of that trauma, and verified the Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel model as a culturally appropriate tool that enhanced storytelling. Research Design and Methods: Nine women from two Upper Plains tribes were located through snowball sampling and participant referrals. A descriptive exploratory qualitative approach facilitated them in relating their survival stories. Seven were tape-recorded and two were hand-written on the Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel, a model specifically designed for this study; this, combined with traditional spiritual grounding ceremonies, enhanced perspective for researcher and participants alike. Data Analysis: Liehr and Smith's (2008) Story Theory guided the methodology in the data gathering and analysis process using the Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel combined with taped and written storytelling sessions. Major themes were categorized and supported with interview quotes through inductive analysis of the two research questions: What were the health challenges faced by survivors of American Indian mission boarding schools over time?, and, How have American Indian mission boarding school survivors resolved the health challenges they have faced over time? The first theme, subdivided into Breaking and Silencing of Spirit, examined physical, mental, and sexual abuse. The second theme, Survival of Spirit, examined relationships/parenting, coping/substance abuse, and spirituality. Findings: The seven dimensions described in Lowe and Struthers' (2001) Nursing in Native American Culture Conceptual Framework provided the value structure used for interpretation of findings. Implications for practice and research were related to the seven dimensions as culturally appropriate parameters for nursing., Data analysis identified disturbing themes; unanticipated candor emerged, possibly owing to the fact that the researcher is a historical trauma survivor. Despite having survived historical trauma through the survival of the spirit, each participant struggles to resolve health challenges to this day. Unable to voice mission boarding school experiences for most of their adult lives, each affirmed the rediscovery of Native spirituality empowering; all expressed appreciation for traditional methods woven into storytelling sessions, particularly the Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel, and all indicated they experienced release and healing through telling their stories. Key words: American Indian; historical trauma; nursing; boarding school; Dream Catcher-Medicine Wheel.
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Date Issued: 2010
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2975245
Subject Headings: Psychic trauma in children, Treatment, Resilience (Personality trait), Identity (Psychology), Indians of North America, Cultural assimilation, Indians of North America, Social conditions, Indians of North America, Medical care, Boarding schools, History, Narrative therapy, Interpersonal relations in children, Psychological aspects
Format: Document (PDF)

Gender identity (5)	+ -
Identity (Psychology) in children (5)	+ -
Adjustment (Psychology) in children (4)	+ -
Identity (Psychology) (4)	+ -
Identity (Psychology) in adolescence (3)	+ -

Interpersonal relations in children (3)	+ -
Narcissism (3)	+ -
Sex differences (Psychology) (3)	+ -
Affect (Psychology) (2)	+ -
Aggressiveness (2)	+ -
Child development (2)	+ -
Philosophy (2)	+ -
Psychological aspects (2)	+ -
Self in children (2)	+ -
Self-esteem in children (2)	+ -
Social interaction in children (2)	+ -
Academic achievement (1)	+ -
Adjustment (Psychology) (1)	+ -
Adjustment (Psychology) in adolescence (1)	+ -
Adjustment (Psychology) in children (1)	+ -
Attachment behavior in adolescence (1)	+ -
Boarding schools (1)	+ -
Borderline personality disorders in children (1)	+ -
Cognition in children (1)	+ -
Cultural assimilation (1)	+ -
History (1)	+ -
Identity (Psychology) in adolescence (1)	+ -
Imagery (Psychology) in children (1)	+ -
Indians of North America (1)	+ -
Interpersonal relations in adolescence (1)	+ -

Charles E. Schmidt College of Science (10)	+ -
Department of Psychology (10)	+ -
Florida Atlantic University (5)	+ -
Perry, David G. (4)	+ -
Cooper, Patrick J. (2)	+ -

Anderson, Chelsie. (1)	+ -
Charbonneau-Dahlen, Barbara K. (1)	+ -
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing (1)	+ -
Copeland, Aquilla D. (1)	+ -
Egan, Susan K. (1)	+ -
Evans, Rachel. (1)	+ -
Franz, Stephanie. (1)	+ -
Garic, Dea (1)	+ -
Menon, Madhavi (1)	+ -
Pauletti, Rachel E. (1)	+ -
Perry, Louise C. (1)	+ -
Sharif, Medeia. (1)	+ -
Tobin, Desiree Denise (1)	+ -

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