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Pages
- Title
- The shape of the eye: why the eye is round.
- Creator
- Liebovitch, Larry S.
- Date Issued
- 2005
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/165914
- Subject Headings
- Eye, Eye--Anatomy, Eye--Physiology
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- THE ASSESMENT OF THE ROLE OF MICROSACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN BISTABLE MOTION PERCEPTION.
- Creator
- Romulus, Darwin, Hong, Sang Wook, Florida Atlantic University, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
- Abstract/Description
-
Even during fixation, the eye is rarely still, as miniature eye movements continue to occur within fixational periods of the eye. These miniature movements are referred to as fixational eye movements. Microsaccades are one of the three types of fixational eye movements that have been identified. Microsaccades have been attributed to different visual processes/phenomena such as fixation stability, perceptual fading, and multistable perception. Still, debates surrounding the functional role of...
Show moreEven during fixation, the eye is rarely still, as miniature eye movements continue to occur within fixational periods of the eye. These miniature movements are referred to as fixational eye movements. Microsaccades are one of the three types of fixational eye movements that have been identified. Microsaccades have been attributed to different visual processes/phenomena such as fixation stability, perceptual fading, and multistable perception. Still, debates surrounding the functional role of microsaccades in vision ensued, as many of the findings from earlier microsaccade reports contradict one another and the polarity in the field caused by these debates led many to believe that microsaccades do not hold a necessary/specialized role in vision. To gain a deeper understanding of microsaccades and its relevance in vision, we sought out to assess the role of microsaccades in bistable motion perception in our behavioral/eye-tracking study. Observers participated in an eye-tracking experiment where they were asked to complete a motion discrimination task while viewing a bistable apparent motion stimuli. The collected eye-tracking data was then used to train a classification model to predict directions of illusory motion perceived by observers. We found that small changes in gaze position during fixation, occurring within or outside microsaccadic events, predicted the direction of motion pattern imposed by the motion stimuli. Our findings suggest that microsaccades and fixational eye movements are correlated with motion perception and that miniature eye movements occurring during fixation may have relevance in vision.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2021
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013799
- Subject Headings
- Eye--Movements, Saccadic eye movements, Eye tracking
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- To identify the functional domains of BNIP3L required for elimination of MT, ER and GA to form mature lens fiber cells.
- Creator
- Zabizhin, Rachel, Brennan, Lisa, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
- Abstract/Description
-
The structure and transparency of the eye lens are vital for focusing light onto the retina for vision. Lens fiber cells undergo a cellular remodeling program that removes mitochondria (MT), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA) to form mature transparent lens fiber cells. Previous studies established a requirement for the mitochondrial outer membrane protein BNIP3L for the elimination of these non-nuclear organelles in the lens; however, the precise molecular pathways for...
Show moreThe structure and transparency of the eye lens are vital for focusing light onto the retina for vision. Lens fiber cells undergo a cellular remodeling program that removes mitochondria (MT), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA) to form mature transparent lens fiber cells. Previous studies established a requirement for the mitochondrial outer membrane protein BNIP3L for the elimination of these non-nuclear organelles in the lens; however, the precise molecular pathways for BNIP3L function remain to be elucidated. BNIP3L contains multiple functional domains whose analysis may illuminate its lens mechanisms including the LIR, BH3, and TM domains. These domains each play an important role in regulation of autophagosome formation and initiation of autophagy. To test each domain’s functionality for BNIP3L-dependent organelle elimination, we designed site-directed mutagenesis studies to delete each domain and test the resulting mutants in initiating the degradation of organelles in ex vivo cultured embryonic chick lenses.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2022
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014087
- Subject Headings
- Eye, Lens, Crystalline
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- THE NARCOTIC GAZE: OCULAR IMAGERY AND THE VAMPIRE MOTIF IN "CHRISTABEL,""CARMILLA," AND "DRACULA" (SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, BRAM STOKER, JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU, IRELAND).
- Creator
- PARKER, BERLINDA ZELLNER., Florida Atlantic University, Coyle, William
- Abstract/Description
-
Superstitions of ocular power are timeless; tales of the evil eye and the vampire's locking gaze have permeated nearly every known civilization. For centuries the "oupire" has loomed ominously as one manifestation of darkness in the conflict of good and evil, and from the fertile soil of the legend, the literary vampire was spawned. In "Christabel," "Carmilla," and Dracula the eyes of the characters are used to manifest this "good versus evil" theme by aligning them with images of innocence...
Show moreSuperstitions of ocular power are timeless; tales of the evil eye and the vampire's locking gaze have permeated nearly every known civilization. For centuries the "oupire" has loomed ominously as one manifestation of darkness in the conflict of good and evil, and from the fertile soil of the legend, the literary vampire was spawned. In "Christabel," "Carmilla," and Dracula the eyes of the characters are used to manifest this "good versus evil" theme by aligning them with images of innocence or iniquity. Most characters are delineated through ocular impressions, and the unnatural brightness, dark heat, or seething scarlet of the vampire is set in contrast to the purity, ingenuousness, or steadfastness of the mortals. Sexual innuendo is also expressed through the eyes, tears are used to metaphorically cloud the vision, and open eyes become symbolic for receptiveness. The symbolic eyes of "Christabel," "Carmilla," and Dracula metaphorically illuminate this universal theme.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1982
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14121
- Subject Headings
- Vampires in literature, Evil eye, Eye in literature
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- The structure and sensitivity of the eye of different life history stages of the ontogenetic migrator Gnathophausiaingens.
- Creator
- Whitehill, Elizabeth A. G., Frank, Tamara M., Olds, M. K., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
- Date Issued
- 2009
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00007285
- Subject Headings
- Photoreceptors, Eye, Lophogastridae, Crustacea, Ontogeny
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Infants’ sensitivity to gestures by humans and anthropomorphic robots.
- Creator
- Stotler, Jacqueline, Wilcox, Teresa, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
- Abstract/Description
-
Robotics have advanced to include highly anthropomorphic (human-like) entities. A novel eye-tracking paradigm was developed to assess infants’ sensitivity to communicative gestures by human and robotic informants. Infants from two age groups (5-9 months, n = 25; 10-15 months, n = 9) viewed a robotic or human informant pointing to locations where events would occur during experimental trials. Trials consisted of three phases: gesture, prediction, and event. Duration of looking (ms) to two...
Show moreRobotics have advanced to include highly anthropomorphic (human-like) entities. A novel eye-tracking paradigm was developed to assess infants’ sensitivity to communicative gestures by human and robotic informants. Infants from two age groups (5-9 months, n = 25; 10-15 months, n = 9) viewed a robotic or human informant pointing to locations where events would occur during experimental trials. Trials consisted of three phases: gesture, prediction, and event. Duration of looking (ms) to two areas of interest, target location and non-target location, was extracted. A series of paired t-tests revealed that only older infants in the human condition looked significantly longer to the target location during the prediction phase (p = .036). Future research is needed to tease apart what components of the robotic hand infants respond to differentially, and whether a robotic hand can be manipulated to increase infants’ sensitivity to social communication gestures executed by said robotic hand.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2021
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013724
- Subject Headings
- Robotics, Infants, Eye tracking, Gesture
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Hypoxia and Chromatin Remodeling: Essential Regulators of Ocular Lens Cell Differentiation.
- Creator
- Disatham, Joshua, Kantorow, Marc, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
- Abstract/Description
-
The ocular lens is comprised of an epithelial cell population that undergoes a continuous process of cellular remodeling and differentiation to form elongated transparent fiber cells. This lens differentiation process is hallmarked by the complete elimination of organelles at the center of the lens, elongation of lens fiber cells, and production of lens fiber-cell specific crystallin proteins to form the mature functional structure of the transparent ocular lens. To date, our understanding of...
Show moreThe ocular lens is comprised of an epithelial cell population that undergoes a continuous process of cellular remodeling and differentiation to form elongated transparent fiber cells. This lens differentiation process is hallmarked by the complete elimination of organelles at the center of the lens, elongation of lens fiber cells, and production of lens fiber-cell specific crystallin proteins to form the mature functional structure of the transparent ocular lens. To date, our understanding of the mechanisms that drive the lens differentiation process is incomplete. This dissertation sought to elucidate the potential roles of both hypoxia and epigenetic chromatin remodeling processes as novel regulators of lens differentiation. The lens lacks a direct blood supply and thus resides in a hypoxic microenvironment. Previous studies revealed the presence of a decreasing oxygen gradient in the region of the lens where cellular remodeling and organelle elimination occur to form mature transparent lens fiber cells. Thus we hypothesized that the hypoxic environment of the lens itself, was required to induce gene expression changes to drive the lens differentiation process. We utilized a multimoics analysis combining CUT&RUN and RNAseq high-throughput sequencing technologies to identify a role for the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1a as a novel regulator of lens gene expression during lens differentiation.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2022
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013985
- Subject Headings
- Hypoxia, Chromatin, Cell Differentiation, Eye
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- A novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics.
- Creator
- Wagner, Hans-Joachim, Douglas, Ron H., Frank, Tamara M., Roberts, Nicholas W., Partridge, Julian C., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
- Date Issued
- 2009-01-27
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/1779078
- Subject Headings
- Eye, Eye --Anatomy, Eye --Movements --physiology, Fishes --Sense organs, Marine animals --Physiology, Vision --Physiology
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER-RACE EFFECT THROUGH EYE-TRACKING, EXPERIENCE, AND IMPLICIT BIAS.
- Creator
- Soethe, Elizabeth, Anzures, Gizelle, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
- Abstract/Description
-
Face perception and recognition abilities develop throughout childhood and differences in viewing own-race and other-race faces have been found in both children (Hu et al., 2014) and adults (Blais et al., 2008). In addition, implicit biases have been found in children as young as six (Baron & Banaji, 2006) and have been found to influence face recognition (Bernstein, Young, & Hugenberg, 2007). The current study aimed to understand how gaze behaviors, implicit biases, and other-race experience...
Show moreFace perception and recognition abilities develop throughout childhood and differences in viewing own-race and other-race faces have been found in both children (Hu et al., 2014) and adults (Blais et al., 2008). In addition, implicit biases have been found in children as young as six (Baron & Banaji, 2006) and have been found to influence face recognition (Bernstein, Young, & Hugenberg, 2007). The current study aimed to understand how gaze behaviors, implicit biases, and other-race experience contribute to the other-race effect and their developmental effects. Caucasian children’s (5-10 years of age) and young adults’ scanning behaviors were recorded during an old/new recognition task using Asian and Caucasian faces. Participants also completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a race experience questionnaire. Results found an own-race bias in both children and adults. Only adult’s IAT scores were significantly different from zero, indicating an implicit bias. Participants had a greater number of eye to eye fixations for Caucasian faces, in comparison to Asian faces and eye to eye fixations were greater in adults during encoding phases. Additionally, increased nose looking times were observed with age. Central attention to the nose may be indicative of a more holistic viewing strategy implemented by adults and older children. Participants spent longer looking at the mouth of Asian faces during encoding and test for older children and adults, but younger children spent longer looking at own-race mouths during recognition. Correlations between scanning patterns and implicit biases, and experience difference scores were also observed. Both social and perceptual factors seem to influence looking behaviors for own- and other-race faces and are undergoing changes during childhood.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2020
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013636
- Subject Headings
- Bias, Discrimination, Eye tracking, Face perception
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Hypoxia-regulated gene therapy for the treatment of subretinal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.
- Creator
- Smith, George Wesley Tyler., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
- Abstract/Description
-
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the western world for people over 60 years of age. The most severe pathological event of AMD is choroidal neovascularization (CNV), the process of new vessel formation emerging from the choroid. The new vessels extend into the normally avascular photoreceptor cell layer, where they leak fluid and cause photoreceptor cell death. CNV is thought to be initiated by hypoxia and chronic inflammation, which occur due to...
Show moreAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the western world for people over 60 years of age. The most severe pathological event of AMD is choroidal neovascularization (CNV), the process of new vessel formation emerging from the choroid. The new vessels extend into the normally avascular photoreceptor cell layer, where they leak fluid and cause photoreceptor cell death. CNV is thought to be initiated by hypoxia and chronic inflammation, which occur due to abnormal, age-related changes within the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). These events cause increased expression of the angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via hypoxiainducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor that is vital in regulation of cellular responses to hypoxic and inflammatory conditions. Increased VEGF signaling stimulates proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells and facilitates the neovascular process. To target the early pathological events that lead to CNV, we have engineered a novel gene therapy vector that uses HIF-1 regulation to stimulate production of an angiostatic protein, endostatin from the RPE. The purpose of this study was to characterize the activity of our hypoxiaregulated, RPE-specific promoter in vitro, and investigate the effects of regulated endostatin expression, driven by our regulated promoter, on CNV in a mousemodel. We found the regulated promoter construct has robust activity in vitro only in RPE cells, and is conditionally responsive in hypoxic conditions., In the laserinduced CNV model, CNV area was 80% smaller (P<0.0001) in eyes treated with the hypoxia-regulated, RPE-specific endostatin vector than in untreated eyes. CNV area was equally reduced in eyes treated with an unregulated endostatin vector (CMV-endostatin). However, less endostatin protein was detected in eyes treated with the regulated vector. Since it is unknown whether broad and constitutive endostatin expression will have damaging effects within the retina, it may be safer to limit its expression to pathological conditions. We have demonstrated that local, hypoxia-regulated expression of endostatin can effectively inhibit CNV, and thus, offers the further possibility of a prophylactic treatment for neovascular AMD.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2010
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2979379
- Subject Headings
- Retinal degeneration, Treatment, Eye, Aging, Neovascularization inhibitors
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Comparative studies of retinal design among sea turtles: Histological and behavioral correlates of the visual streak.
- Creator
- DeCarlo, Lisa Joy., Florida Atlantic University, Salmon, Michael, Wyneken, Jeanette
- Abstract/Description
-
We understand very little about the relationships between eye anatomy and visual ecology in sea turtles. Sea turtles use visual information in important contexts, such as selecting habitats, detecting predators, or locating mates or food. This study represents an effort to clarify the form/function relationship between retinal morphology and the behavioral ecology of sea turtle hatchlings. Thus, it is an important first step in relating sea turtle eye anatomy with visual ecology and relating...
Show moreWe understand very little about the relationships between eye anatomy and visual ecology in sea turtles. Sea turtles use visual information in important contexts, such as selecting habitats, detecting predators, or locating mates or food. This study represents an effort to clarify the form/function relationship between retinal morphology and the behavioral ecology of sea turtle hatchlings. Thus, it is an important first step in relating sea turtle eye anatomy with visual ecology and relating the two to sea turtle natural history. Some organisms possess retinas that contain morphologically specialized cellular areas. The "visual streak," is one such area; receptor cells and associated interneurons are concentrated in a horizontal band in the retina. Three species of sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, and Dermochelys coriacea) possess a visual streak located along the horizontal mid-line of the retina, although they differed in streak development. The differences in streak development can be related to their ecology.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1998
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15548
- Subject Headings
- Sea turtles, Eye--Anatomy, Vision
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- DEVELOPMENT OF A HIFI-Α LENS SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT MOUSE AS A MODEL FOR HYPOXIA DRIVEN LENS DIFFERENTIATION.
- Creator
- Adele, Adedamola, Kantorow, Marc, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
- Abstract/Description
-
During eye lens development the lens receives oxygen from a network of capillaries that comprise of the tunica vasculosa lentis and the anterior pupillary membrane. In development there is regression of this capillaries with the vitreous and aqueous humor, which is the lens only source of oxygen, leaving the lens in low oxygen state. The lens contains a decreasing oxygen gradient from the surface to the core that parallels the differentiation of immature surface epithelial cells into mature...
Show moreDuring eye lens development the lens receives oxygen from a network of capillaries that comprise of the tunica vasculosa lentis and the anterior pupillary membrane. In development there is regression of this capillaries with the vitreous and aqueous humor, which is the lens only source of oxygen, leaving the lens in low oxygen state. The lens contains a decreasing oxygen gradient from the surface to the core that parallels the differentiation of immature surface epithelial cells into mature core transparent fiber cells. These properties of the lens suggest a potential role for hypoxia and the master regulator of the hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 alpha (HIF1a), in the regulation of genes required for lens fiber cell differentiation, structure, and transparency. Previous studies by our lab discovered the HIF1a-dependent gene expression patterns of lens genes by utilizing a Multiomics approach that integrated analysis from CUT&RUN, RNA-seq, and ATACseq. Additionally, our lab also established a hypoxia and HIF1a-dependent mechanism for the non-nuclear organelle degradation process required to form mature transparent fiber cells.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2023
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014167
- Subject Headings
- Cell differentiation, Lens, Crystalline, Eye lens
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- THE EFFECT OF S81 WITHIN THE MINIMAL ESSENTIAL REGION (MER) OF THE BNIP3L PROTEIN IN ACTIVATING ORGANELLE DEGRADATION TO DRIVE FIBER LENS DIFFERENTIATION.
- Creator
- Yang, Judy, Kantorow, Marc, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
- Abstract/Description
-
Lens differentiation begins with epithelial cells that undergo the process of cellular differentiation and remodelling into fiber cells (Bassnet et al., 2011; Menko 2002; Wride, 2011) that then will undergo terminal remodelling processes to eliminate their cellular organelles to achieve mature lens structure and transparency. We sought to determine if Serine 81, within the minimal essential region (MER) of the BNIP3L protein, is required for organelle elimination. Previous studies have shown...
Show moreLens differentiation begins with epithelial cells that undergo the process of cellular differentiation and remodelling into fiber cells (Bassnet et al., 2011; Menko 2002; Wride, 2011) that then will undergo terminal remodelling processes to eliminate their cellular organelles to achieve mature lens structure and transparency. We sought to determine if Serine 81, within the minimal essential region (MER) of the BNIP3L protein, is required for organelle elimination. Previous studies have shown that levels of phosphorylated P38 MAPK and ERK ½ peaked in the same region as phosphorylated S81 BNIP3L levels, the equatorial epithelium, where organelle degradation is initiated. The use of specific inhibitors of P38 MAPK (SB203580) or ERK ½ (U0126 or PD99089) and P38 MAPK activator Ansiomycin will be used to determine if P38 MAPK or ERK ½ phosphorylates BNIP3L at S81 to induce mitophagy of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2023
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014166
- Subject Headings
- Lens, Crystalline, Cell differentiation, Eye lens
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- FEASIBILITY AND PRELIMINARY EFFECTIVENESS OF EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION REPROCESSING ON ADDICTION CRAVINGS IN ADULTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER: PILOT STUDY.
- Creator
- Woodruff, Elizabeth, Park, Juyoung, Florida Atlantic University, School of Social Work, College of Social Work and Criminal Justice
- Abstract/Description
-
Addiction is a pervasive health and economic issue in the United States. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured and client-centered intervention that can be a useful addition to a comprehensive treatment plan for clients with substance use disorder. However, little research has explored EMDR and its effects on addiction. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of conducting EMDR and to test its effects on cravings and perseverations...
Show moreAddiction is a pervasive health and economic issue in the United States. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured and client-centered intervention that can be a useful addition to a comprehensive treatment plan for clients with substance use disorder. However, little research has explored EMDR and its effects on addiction. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of conducting EMDR and to test its effects on cravings and perseverations associated with addiction and irrational cognitions related to addiction compared to treatment as usual (TAU). This study used a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with an experimental group (EMDR + TAU) and a control group (TAU only). With nonprobability convenience sampling, participants were recruited from a residential program or a partial hospitalization program (PHP) with AION Health Group in Palm Beach County, Florida. Thirty participants at the treatment center were randomly assigned 1:1 to either the experimental group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). The control group received TAU, comprised of weekly individual and group therapy sessions. The reliability of each instrument for measuring outcome variables showed high internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach’s α > .90.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2022
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013914
- Subject Headings
- Substance abuse, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Analysis of Eye Response to Video Quality and Structure.
- Creator
- Pappusetty, Deepti, Kalva, Hari, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Abstract/Description
-
Real-time eye tracking systems with human-computer interaction mechanism are being adopted to advance user experience in smart devices and consumer electronic systems. Eye tracking systems measure eye gaze and pupil response non-intrusively. This research presents an analysis of eye pupil and gaze response to video structure and content. The set of experiments for this study involved presenting different video content to subjects and measuring eye response with an eye tracker. Results show...
Show moreReal-time eye tracking systems with human-computer interaction mechanism are being adopted to advance user experience in smart devices and consumer electronic systems. Eye tracking systems measure eye gaze and pupil response non-intrusively. This research presents an analysis of eye pupil and gaze response to video structure and content. The set of experiments for this study involved presenting different video content to subjects and measuring eye response with an eye tracker. Results show significant changes in video and scene cuts led to sharp constrictions. User response to videos can provide insights that can improve subjective quality assessment metrics. This research also presents an analysis of the pupil and gaze response to quality changes in videos. The results show pupil constrictions for noticeable changes in perceived quality and higher fixations/saccades ratios with lower quality. Using real-time eye tracking systems for video analysis and quality evaluation can open a new class of applications for consumer electronic systems.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2017
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00005940
- Subject Headings
- Dissertations, Academic -- Florida Atlantic University, Eye tracking., Video., Quality (Aesthetics)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Eye fixations during encoding of familiar and unfamiliar language.
- Creator
- Mavica, Lauren Wood, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
This study examines gaze patterns of monolinguals and bilinguals encoding speech in familiar and unfamiliar languages. In condition 1 English monolinguals viewed videos in familiar and unfamiliar languages (English and Spanish or Icelandic). They performed a task to ensure encoding: on each trial, two videos of short sentences were presented, followed by an audio-only recording of one of those sentences. Participants choose whether the audio-clip matched the first or second video....
Show moreThis study examines gaze patterns of monolinguals and bilinguals encoding speech in familiar and unfamiliar languages. In condition 1 English monolinguals viewed videos in familiar and unfamiliar languages (English and Spanish or Icelandic). They performed a task to ensure encoding: on each trial, two videos of short sentences were presented, followed by an audio-only recording of one of those sentences. Participants choose whether the audio-clip matched the first or second video. Participants gazed significantly longer at speaker's mouths when viewing unfamiliar languages. In condition 2 Spanish-English bilingual's viewed English and Spanish, no difference was found between the languages. In condition 3 the task was removed, English monolinguals viewed 20 English and 20 Icelandic videos, no difference in the gaze patterns was found, suggesting this phenomenon relies on encoding. Results indicate people encoding unfamiliar speech attend to the mouth presumably to extract more accurate audiovisually invariant and highly salient speech information.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3362556
- Subject Headings
- Eye, Movements, Psycholinguistics, Biolinguistics, Figures of speech, Gage, Psychological aspects
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- DEEP LEARNING OF POSTURAL AND OCULAR DYNAMICS TO PREDICT ENGAGEMENT AND LEARNING OF AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS.
- Creator
- Perez, Nicole, Barenholtz, Elan, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
- Abstract/Description
-
Engagement with educational instruction and related materials is an important part of learning and contributes to test performance. There are various measures of engagement including self-reports, observations, pupil diameter, and posture. With the challenges associated with obtaining accurate engagement levels, such as difficulties with measuring variations in engagement, the present study used a novel approach to predict engagement from posture by using deep learning. Deep learning was used...
Show moreEngagement with educational instruction and related materials is an important part of learning and contributes to test performance. There are various measures of engagement including self-reports, observations, pupil diameter, and posture. With the challenges associated with obtaining accurate engagement levels, such as difficulties with measuring variations in engagement, the present study used a novel approach to predict engagement from posture by using deep learning. Deep learning was used to analyze a labeled outline of the participants and extract key points that are expected to predict engagement. In the first experiment two short lectures were presented and participants were tested on a lecture to motivate engagement. The next experiment had videos that varied in interest to understand whether a more interesting presentation engages participants more, therefore helping participants achieve higher comprehension scores. In a third experiment, one video was presented to attempt to use posture to predict comprehension rather than engagement. The fourth experiment had videos that varied in level of difficulty to determine whether a challenging topic versus an easier topic affects engagement. T-tests revealed that the more interesting Ted Talk was rated as more engaging, and for the fourth study, the more difficult video was rated as more engaging. Comparing average pupil sizes did not reveal significant differences that would relate to differences in the engagement scores, and average pupil dilation did not correlate with engagement. Analyzing posture through deep learning resulted in three accurate predictive models and a way to predict comprehension. Since engagement relates to learning, researchers and educators can benefit from accurate engagement measures.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2020
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013558
- Subject Headings
- Instruction, Effective teaching, Pupil (Eye), Posture, Deep learning, Engagement
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Predicting Levels of Learning with Eye Tracking.
- Creator
- Parikh, Saurin Sharad, Kalva, Hari, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Abstract/Description
-
E-Learning is transforming the delivery of education. Today, millions of students take selfpaced online courses. However, the content and language complexity often hinders comprehension, and that with lack of immediate help from the instructor leads to weaker learning outcomes. Ability to predict difficult content in real time enables eLearning systems to adapt content as per students' level of learning. The recent introduction of lowcost eye trackers has opened a new class of applications...
Show moreE-Learning is transforming the delivery of education. Today, millions of students take selfpaced online courses. However, the content and language complexity often hinders comprehension, and that with lack of immediate help from the instructor leads to weaker learning outcomes. Ability to predict difficult content in real time enables eLearning systems to adapt content as per students' level of learning. The recent introduction of lowcost eye trackers has opened a new class of applications based on eye response. Eye tracking devices can record eye response on the visual element or concept in real time. The response and the variations in eye response to the same concept over time may be indicative of the levels of learning. In this study, we have analyzed reading patterns using eye tracker and derived 12 eye response features based on psycholinguistics, contextual information processing, anticipatory behavior analysis, recurrence fixation analysis, and pupils' response. We use eye responses to predict the level of learning for a term/concept. One of the main contribution is the spatio-temporal analysis of the eye response on a term/concept to derive relevant first pass (spatial) and reanalysis (temporal) eye response features. A spatiotemporal model, built using these derived features, analyses slide images, extracts words (terms), maps the subject's eye response to words, and prepares a term-response map. A parametric baseline classifier, trained with labeled data (term-response maps) classifies a term/concept as a novel (positive class) or familiar (negative class), using majority voting method. On using, only first pass features for prediction, the baseline classifier shows 61% prediction accuracy, but on adding reanalysis features, baseline achieves 66.92% accuracy for predicting difficult terms. However, all proposed features do not have the same response to learning difficulties for all subjects, as we consider reading as an individual characteristic. Hence, we developed a non-parametric, feature weighted linguistics classifier (FWLC), which assigns weight to features based on their relevance. The FWLC classifier achieves a prediction accuracy of 90.54% an increase of 23.62% over baseline and 29.54% over the first-pass variant of baseline. Predicting novel terms as familiar is more expensive because content adapts by using this information. Hence, our primary goal is to increase the prediction rate of novel terms by minimizing the cost of false predictions. On comparing the performance of FWLC with other frequently used machine learning classifiers, FWLC achieves highest true positive rate (TPR) and lowest ratio of false negative rate (FNR) to false positive rate (FPR). The higher prediction performance of proposed spatio-temporal eye response model to predict levels of learning builds a strong foundation for eye response driven adaptive e-Learning.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2017
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00005941
- Subject Headings
- Dissertations, Academic -- Florida Atlantic University, Eye tracking., E-Learning.
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- The effect of spatial attention on pupil dynamics.
- Creator
- Daniels, Lori B., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Although it is well known that the pupil responds dynamically to changes in ambient light levels, the results from this dissertation show for the first time that the pupil also responds dynamically to changes in spatially distributed attention. Using a variety of orientating tasks, subjects alternated between focusing attention on a central stimulus and spreading attention over a larger area. Fourier analysis of the fluctuating pupil diameter indicated that: 1) pupil diameter changed at the...
Show moreAlthough it is well known that the pupil responds dynamically to changes in ambient light levels, the results from this dissertation show for the first time that the pupil also responds dynamically to changes in spatially distributed attention. Using a variety of orientating tasks, subjects alternated between focusing attention on a central stimulus and spreading attention over a larger area. Fourier analysis of the fluctuating pupil diameter indicated that: 1) pupil diameter changed at the rate of attention variation, dilating with broadly spread attention and contracting with narrowly focused attention, and 2) pupillary differences required changes in attentional spread; there were no differences in pupil diameter between sustained broad and sustained spread attention. Given that broadly spread attention increases the relative activation of large receptive fields and narrowly focused attention increases the relative activation of small receptive fields (Balz & Hock, 1997), the results of this study indicate that these attentional effects on receptive field activation can be mediated by changes in pupil diameter. That is, under broad attention, the corresponding pupillary dilation observed would increase spherical aberration, blurring the image thereby reducing high spatial frequency information and decreasing the activation of relatively small cortical receptive fields compared to relatively large receptive fields. This increased perception of low spatial frequencies would be beneficial in cases where attention is spread over a large area. Alternatively, under narrow attention the resulting pupillary constriction reduces spherical aberration sharpening the image and preserving high spatial frequency information resulting in a relatively increased response of small receptive fields.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2010
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/1870692
- Subject Headings
- Visual perception, Eye, Physiology, Optics, Adaptive, Visual pathways
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Automatic extraction and tracking of eye features from facial image sequences.
- Creator
- Xie, Xangdong., Florida Atlantic University, Sudhakar, Raghavan, Zhuang, Hanqi, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Abstract/Description
-
The dual issues of extracting and tracking eye features from video images are addressed in this dissertation. The proposed scheme is different from conventional intrusive eye movement measuring system and can be implemented using an inexpensive personal computer. The desirable features of such a measurement system are low cost, accuracy, automated operation, and non-intrusiveness. An overall scheme is presented for which a new algorithm is forwarded for each of the function blocks in the...
Show moreThe dual issues of extracting and tracking eye features from video images are addressed in this dissertation. The proposed scheme is different from conventional intrusive eye movement measuring system and can be implemented using an inexpensive personal computer. The desirable features of such a measurement system are low cost, accuracy, automated operation, and non-intrusiveness. An overall scheme is presented for which a new algorithm is forwarded for each of the function blocks in the processing system. A new corner detection algorithm is presented in which the problem of detecting corners is solved by minimizing a cost function. Each cost factor captures a desirable characteristic of the corner using both the gray level information and the geometrical structure of a corner. This approach additionally provides corner orientations and angles along with corner locations. The advantage of the new approach over the existing corner detectors is that it is able to improve the reliability of detection and localization by imposing criteria related to both the gray level data and the corner structure. The extraction of eye features is performed by using an improved method of deformable templates which are geometrically arranged to resemble the expected shape of the eye. The overall energy function is redefined to simplify the minimization process. The weights for the energy terms are selected based on the normalized value of the energy term. Thus the weighting schedule of the modified method does not demand any expert knowledge for the user. Rather than using a sequential procedure, all parameters of the template are changed simultaneously during the minimization process. This reduces not only the processing time but also the probability of the template being trapped in local minima. An efficient algorithm for real-time eye feature tracking from a sequence of eye images is developed in the dissertation. Based on a geometrical model which describes the characteristics of the eye, the measurement equations are formulated to relate suitably selected measurements to the tracking parameters. A discrete Kalman filter is then constructed for the recursive estimation of the eye features, while taking into account the measurement noise. The small processing time allows this tracking algorithm to be used in real-time applications. This tracking algorithm is suitable for an automated, non-intrusive and inexpensive system as the algorithm is capable of measuring the time profiles of the eye movements. The issue of compensating head movements during the tracking of eye movements is also discussed. An appropriate measurement model was established to describe the effects of head movements. Based on this model, a Kalman filter structure was formulated to carry out the compensation. The whole tracking scheme which cascades two Kalman filters is constructed to track the iris movement, while compensating the head movement. The presence of the eye blink is also taken into account and its detection is incorporated into the cascaded tracking scheme. The above algorithms have been integrated to design an automated, non-intrusive and inexpensive system which provides accurate time profile of eye movements tracking from video image frames.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1994
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12377
- Subject Headings
- Kalman filtering, Eye--Movements, Algorithms, Image processing
- Format
- Document (PDF)
