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THE ASSESMENT OF THE ROLE OF MICROSACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN BISTABLE MOTION PERCEPTION
Title
THE ASSESMENT OF THE ROLE OF MICROSACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN BISTABLE MOTION PERCEPTION.
Creator
Romulus, Darwin, Hong, Sang Wook, Florida Atlantic University, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
Even during fixation, the eye is rarely still, as miniature eye movements continue to occur within fixational periods of the eye. These miniature movements are referred to as fixational eye movements. Microsaccades are one of the three types of fixational eye movements that have been identified. Microsaccades have been attributed to different visual processes/phenomena such as fixation stability, perceptual fading, and multistable perception. Still, debates surrounding the functional role of...
Show moreEven during fixation, the eye is rarely still, as miniature eye movements continue to occur within fixational periods of the eye. These miniature movements are referred to as fixational eye movements. Microsaccades are one of the three types of fixational eye movements that have been identified. Microsaccades have been attributed to different visual processes/phenomena such as fixation stability, perceptual fading, and multistable perception. Still, debates surrounding the functional role of microsaccades in vision ensued, as many of the findings from earlier microsaccade reports contradict one another and the polarity in the field caused by these debates led many to believe that microsaccades do not hold a necessary/specialized role in vision. To gain a deeper understanding of microsaccades and its relevance in vision, we sought out to assess the role of microsaccades in bistable motion perception in our behavioral/eye-tracking study. Observers participated in an eye-tracking experiment where they were asked to complete a motion discrimination task while viewing a bistable apparent motion stimuli. The collected eye-tracking data was then used to train a classification model to predict directions of illusory motion perceived by observers. We found that small changes in gaze position during fixation, occurring within or outside microsaccadic events, predicted the direction of motion pattern imposed by the motion stimuli. Our findings suggest that microsaccades and fixational eye movements are correlated with motion perception and that miniature eye movements occurring during fixation may have relevance in vision.
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Date Issued
2021
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013799
Subject Headings
Eye--Movements, Saccadic eye movements, Eye tracking
Format
Document (PDF)
FEASIBILITY AND PRELIMINARY EFFECTIVENESS OF EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION REPROCESSING ON ADDICTION CRAVINGS IN ADULTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER: PILOT STUDY
Title
FEASIBILITY AND PRELIMINARY EFFECTIVENESS OF EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION REPROCESSING ON ADDICTION CRAVINGS IN ADULTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER: PILOT STUDY.
Creator
Woodruff, Elizabeth, Park, Juyoung, Florida Atlantic University, School of Social Work, College of Social Work and Criminal Justice
Abstract/Description
Addiction is a pervasive health and economic issue in the United States. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured and client-centered intervention that can be a useful addition to a comprehensive treatment plan for clients with substance use disorder. However, little research has explored EMDR and its effects on addiction. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of conducting EMDR and to test its effects on cravings and perseverations...
Show moreAddiction is a pervasive health and economic issue in the United States. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured and client-centered intervention that can be a useful addition to a comprehensive treatment plan for clients with substance use disorder. However, little research has explored EMDR and its effects on addiction. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of conducting EMDR and to test its effects on cravings and perseverations associated with addiction and irrational cognitions related to addiction compared to treatment as usual (TAU). This study used a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with an experimental group (EMDR + TAU) and a control group (TAU only). With nonprobability convenience sampling, participants were recruited from a residential program or a partial hospitalization program (PHP) with AION Health Group in Palm Beach County, Florida. Thirty participants at the treatment center were randomly assigned 1:1 to either the experimental group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). The control group received TAU, comprised of weekly individual and group therapy sessions. The reliability of each instrument for measuring outcome variables showed high internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach’s α > .90.
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Date Issued
2022
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013914
Subject Headings
Substance abuse, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
Format
Document (PDF)
A novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics
Title
A novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics.
Creator
Wagner, Hans-Joachim, Douglas, Ron H., Frank, Tamara M., Roberts, Nicholas W., Partridge, Julian C., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
Date Issued
2009-01-27
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/1779078
Subject Headings
Eye, Eye --Anatomy, Eye --Movements --physiology, Fishes --Sense organs, Marine animals --Physiology, Vision --Physiology
Format
Document (PDF)
Eye fixations during encoding of familiar and unfamiliar language
Title
Eye fixations during encoding of familiar and unfamiliar language.
Creator
Mavica, Lauren Wood, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
This study examines gaze patterns of monolinguals and bilinguals encoding speech in familiar and unfamiliar languages. In condition 1 English monolinguals viewed videos in familiar and unfamiliar languages (English and Spanish or Icelandic). They performed a task to ensure encoding: on each trial, two videos of short sentences were presented, followed by an audio-only recording of one of those sentences. Participants choose whether the audio-clip matched the first or second video....
Show moreThis study examines gaze patterns of monolinguals and bilinguals encoding speech in familiar and unfamiliar languages. In condition 1 English monolinguals viewed videos in familiar and unfamiliar languages (English and Spanish or Icelandic). They performed a task to ensure encoding: on each trial, two videos of short sentences were presented, followed by an audio-only recording of one of those sentences. Participants choose whether the audio-clip matched the first or second video. Participants gazed significantly longer at speaker's mouths when viewing unfamiliar languages. In condition 2 Spanish-English bilingual's viewed English and Spanish, no difference was found between the languages. In condition 3 the task was removed, English monolinguals viewed 20 English and 20 Icelandic videos, no difference in the gaze patterns was found, suggesting this phenomenon relies on encoding. Results indicate people encoding unfamiliar speech attend to the mouth presumably to extract more accurate audiovisually invariant and highly salient speech information.
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Date Issued
2013
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3362556
Subject Headings
Eye, Movements, Psycholinguistics, Biolinguistics, Figures of speech, Gage, Psychological aspects
Format
Document (PDF)
Automatic extraction and tracking of eye features from facial image sequences
Title
Automatic extraction and tracking of eye features from facial image sequences.
Creator
Xie, Xangdong., Florida Atlantic University, Sudhakar, Raghavan, Zhuang, Hanqi, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Abstract/Description
The dual issues of extracting and tracking eye features from video images are addressed in this dissertation. The proposed scheme is different from conventional intrusive eye movement measuring system and can be implemented using an inexpensive personal computer. The desirable features of such a measurement system are low cost, accuracy, automated operation, and non-intrusiveness. An overall scheme is presented for which a new algorithm is forwarded for each of the function blocks in the...
Show moreThe dual issues of extracting and tracking eye features from video images are addressed in this dissertation. The proposed scheme is different from conventional intrusive eye movement measuring system and can be implemented using an inexpensive personal computer. The desirable features of such a measurement system are low cost, accuracy, automated operation, and non-intrusiveness. An overall scheme is presented for which a new algorithm is forwarded for each of the function blocks in the processing system. A new corner detection algorithm is presented in which the problem of detecting corners is solved by minimizing a cost function. Each cost factor captures a desirable characteristic of the corner using both the gray level information and the geometrical structure of a corner. This approach additionally provides corner orientations and angles along with corner locations. The advantage of the new approach over the existing corner detectors is that it is able to improve the reliability of detection and localization by imposing criteria related to both the gray level data and the corner structure. The extraction of eye features is performed by using an improved method of deformable templates which are geometrically arranged to resemble the expected shape of the eye. The overall energy function is redefined to simplify the minimization process. The weights for the energy terms are selected based on the normalized value of the energy term. Thus the weighting schedule of the modified method does not demand any expert knowledge for the user. Rather than using a sequential procedure, all parameters of the template are changed simultaneously during the minimization process. This reduces not only the processing time but also the probability of the template being trapped in local minima. An efficient algorithm for real-time eye feature tracking from a sequence of eye images is developed in the dissertation. Based on a geometrical model which describes the characteristics of the eye, the measurement equations are formulated to relate suitably selected measurements to the tracking parameters. A discrete Kalman filter is then constructed for the recursive estimation of the eye features, while taking into account the measurement noise. The small processing time allows this tracking algorithm to be used in real-time applications. This tracking algorithm is suitable for an automated, non-intrusive and inexpensive system as the algorithm is capable of measuring the time profiles of the eye movements. The issue of compensating head movements during the tracking of eye movements is also discussed. An appropriate measurement model was established to describe the effects of head movements. Based on this model, a Kalman filter structure was formulated to carry out the compensation. The whole tracking scheme which cascades two Kalman filters is constructed to track the iris movement, while compensating the head movement. The presence of the eye blink is also taken into account and its detection is incorporated into the cascaded tracking scheme. The above algorithms have been integrated to design an automated, non-intrusive and inexpensive system which provides accurate time profile of eye movements tracking from video image frames.
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Date Issued
1994
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12377
Subject Headings
Kalman filtering, Eye--Movements, Algorithms, Image processing
Format
Document (PDF)
Enhancing video quality based on psychophysical studies of smooth pursuit eye movements
Title
Enhancing video quality based on psychophysical studies of smooth pursuit eye movements.
Creator
Chilamakuri, Pavani., Florida Atlantic University, Furht, Borko, Glenn, William E., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Abstract/Description
When motion occurs in a scene, the quality of video degrades due to motion smear, which results in a loss of contrast in the image. The characteristics of the human vision system when smooth pursuit eye movements occur are different from those when the eye fixates on an object such as a video screen during motion. Smooth pursuit eye movements dominate in the presence of dynamic stimuli. In the presence of smooth pursuit eye movements, the contrast sensitivity for increasing target velocities...
Show moreWhen motion occurs in a scene, the quality of video degrades due to motion smear, which results in a loss of contrast in the image. The characteristics of the human vision system when smooth pursuit eye movements occur are different from those when the eye fixates on an object such as a video screen during motion. Smooth pursuit eye movements dominate in the presence of dynamic stimuli. In the presence of smooth pursuit eye movements, the contrast sensitivity for increasing target velocities shifts toward lower spatial frequencies. The sensitivity for low spatial frequencies during motion is higher than for a stationary case. This dissertation will propose a method to improve the perceptual quality of video using temporal enhancement prefiltering technique based on the characteristics of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements (SPEM). The resulting technique closely matches the characteristics of the human visual system (HVS). When motion occurs, the eye tracks the moving targets in a scene as opposed to fixating on any portion of the scene. Hence, psychophysical studies of smooth pursuit eye movements were used as a basis to design the temporal filters. Results of experiments show that temporal enhancement results in improved quality by increasing the apparent sharpness of the image sequence. In this dissertation, a study of research describing how motion affects the image quality at the camera lens and the human eye is presented. This dissertation uses that research to develop a temporal enhancement technique to improve the quality of video degraded by motion.
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Date Issued
2003
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FADT12035
Subject Headings
Eye--Movements, Digital video, Visual perception, Video compression
Format
Document (PDF)
Eye Fixations of the Face Are Modulated by Perception of a Bidirectional Social Interaction
Title
Eye Fixations of the Face Are Modulated by Perception of a Bidirectional Social Interaction.
Creator
Kleiman, Michael J., Barenholtz, Elan, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Eye fixations of the face are normally directed towards either the eyes or the mouth, however the proportions of gaze to either of these regions are dependent on context. Previous studies of gaze behavior demonstrate a tendency to stare into a target’s eyes, however no studies investigate the differences between when participants believe they are engaging in a live interaction compared to knowingly watching a pre-recorded video, a distinction that may contribute to studies of memory encoding....
Show moreEye fixations of the face are normally directed towards either the eyes or the mouth, however the proportions of gaze to either of these regions are dependent on context. Previous studies of gaze behavior demonstrate a tendency to stare into a target’s eyes, however no studies investigate the differences between when participants believe they are engaging in a live interaction compared to knowingly watching a pre-recorded video, a distinction that may contribute to studies of memory encoding. This study examined differences in fixation behavior for when participants falsely believed they were engaging in a real-time interaction over the internet (“Real-time stimulus”) compared to when they knew they were watching a pre-recorded video (“Pre-recorded stimulus”). Results indicated that participants fixated significantly longer towards the eyes for the pre-recorded stimulus than for the real-time stimulus, suggesting that previous studies which utilize pre-recorded videos may lack ecological validity.
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Date Issued
2016
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004701, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004701
Subject Headings
Eye -- Movements, Eye tracking, Gaze -- Psychological aspects, Nonverbal communication, Optical pattern recognition, Perceptual motor processes, Visual perception
Format
Document (PDF)
Informational Aspects of Audiovisual Identity Matching
Title
Informational Aspects of Audiovisual Identity Matching.
Creator
Mavica, Lauren Wood, Barenholtz, Elan, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
In this study, we investigated what informational aspects of faces could account for the ability to match an individual’s face to their voice, using only static images. In each of the first six experiments, we simultaneously presented one voice recording along with two manipulated images of faces (e.g. top half of the face, bottom half of the face, etc.), a target face and distractor face. The participant’s task was to choose which of the images they thought belonged to the same individual as...
Show moreIn this study, we investigated what informational aspects of faces could account for the ability to match an individual’s face to their voice, using only static images. In each of the first six experiments, we simultaneously presented one voice recording along with two manipulated images of faces (e.g. top half of the face, bottom half of the face, etc.), a target face and distractor face. The participant’s task was to choose which of the images they thought belonged to the same individual as the voice recording. The voices remained un-manipulated. In Experiment 7 we used eye tracking in order to determine which informational aspects of the model’s faces people are fixating while performing the matching task, as compared to where they fixate when there are no immediate task demands. We presented a voice recording followed by two static images, a target and distractor face. The participant’s task was to choose which of the images they thought belonged to the same individual as the voice recording, while we tracked their total fixation duration. In the no-task, passive viewing condition, we presented a male’s voice recording followed sequentially by two static images of female models, or vice versa, counterbalanced across participants. Participant’s results revealed significantly better than chance performance in the matching task when the images presented were the bottom half of the face, the top half of the face, the images inverted upside down, when presented with a low pass filtered image of the face, and when the inner face was completely blurred out. In Experiment 7 we found that when completing the matching task, the time spent looking at the outer area of the face increased, as compared to when the images and voice recordings were passively viewed. When the images were passively viewed, the time spend looking at the inner area of the face increased. We concluded that the inner facial features (i.e. eyes, nose, and mouth) are not necessary informational aspects of the face which allow for the matching ability. The ability likely relies on global features such as the face shape and size.
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Date Issued
2016
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004688, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004688
Subject Headings
Biometric identification, Eye -- Movements, Nonverbal communication, Optical pattern recognition, Sociolinguistics, isual perception
Format
Document (PDF)