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Title: THE EFFECT OF NON-RESPONSE CONTINGENT SHOCK AND LIGHT ON THE RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION OF AN APPETITIVE RESPONSE.
Creator: DIXON, JOHN STEPHEN., Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: The resistance to extinction effect produced by non-response contingent shock and light was studied using rats as Ss. Three hypotheses which could account for resistance to extinction were tested by varying the conditions of shock or light in acquisition and extinction. Light showed a tendency to disinhibit responding when responding decreased in extinction. No elicitation or discrimination effects were found.
Date Issued: 1975
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13729
Subject Headings: Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: THE AVERSIVE PROPERTIES OF TIME-OUT FROM MAXIMAL FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT.
Creator: VOSS, TERENCE JEAN, Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: The aversiveness of time-out from maximal FR schedules of water reinforcement was assessed using rats as Ss. In one stimulus condition, S could produce or avoid TOs by lengthening or shortening pauses - after-reinforcement (PARs). In a second stimulus condition, Ss could similarly produce or prevent periods of stimulus change (SC). Results indicated that TO as S[triangle] or as bar retraction were equally aversive. Ss consistently shortened PARs and maintained the FR reinforcement...
Show moreThe aversiveness of time-out from maximal FR schedules of water reinforcement was assessed using rats as Ss. In one stimulus condition, S could produce or avoid TOs by lengthening or shortening pauses - after-reinforcement (PARs). In a second stimulus condition, Ss could similarly produce or prevent periods of stimulus change (SC). Results indicated that TO as S[triangle] or as bar retraction were equally aversive. Ss consistently shortened PARs and maintained the FR reinforcement contingencies, although no differential effects of SC conditions were observed. It was concluded that TO is aversive due to lack of reinforcement availability rather than to any effects specifically linked with extinction or cues associated with non-reinforced responding.
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Date Issued: 1972
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13494
Subject Headings: Reinforcement (Psychology), Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Contrast Effects as a Function of Differential Preadaptation.
Creator: Henke, Peter G., Adamson, Robert E., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which preadaptation to differential brightness magnitude affects responses to a constant postadaptation stimulus. Twenty-four male albino rats, one hundred and tweny days old, were divided into four groups and differentially preadapted in Skinner-boxes to 236.90, 77.25, 22.87, and 1.27 apparent foot-candles for 10 minutes, without access to a bar. Immediately following this period the Ss were allowed to respond under continuous...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which preadaptation to differential brightness magnitude affects responses to a constant postadaptation stimulus. Twenty-four male albino rats, one hundred and tweny days old, were divided into four groups and differentially preadapted in Skinner-boxes to 236.90, 77.25, 22.87, and 1.27 apparent foot-candles for 10 minutes, without access to a bar. Immediately following this period the Ss were allowed to respond under continuous reinforcement to a postadaptation stimulus of 236.90 apparent foot-candles. Measurement in terms of bar pressing indicated that the four groups extinguished differentially over six days. The control group, for whom the discrepancy bwtween preadaptation magnitude and postadaptation stimulus remained zero, was found most resistant to extiction during this period. Additionally, increases in the discrepancy between the pre- and postadaptation magnitudes led to experimental groups. The implications of these data for the proposition of stimulus definitions in terms of behaviorally effective magnitudes were discussed.
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Date Issued: 1967
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012588
Subject Headings: Adaptability (Psychology), Extinction (Psychology), Psychophysiology
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: THE DISCRIMINATIVE PROPERTIES OF RESPONSE-CONTINGENT FEEDBACK IN THE MAINTENANCE OF SHUTTLE-BOX AVOIDANCE.
Creator: BURGHARDT, WALTER FRANCIS, JR., Florida Atlantic University, Scheuer, Cynthia
Abstract/Description: Thirty-six rats were used to study the effects of manipulating both the density and response contingency of feedback during the extinction (OE) of discriminated shuttle-box avoidance. Three operant groups had the opportunity to receive response-produced feedback on either 100, 60, or 30 per cent of the extinction trials. Three yoked groups received the' same number and pattern of feedback stimuli as the operant groups, but independently of their own behavior. Significant ordering was obtained...
Show moreThirty-six rats were used to study the effects of manipulating both the density and response contingency of feedback during the extinction (OE) of discriminated shuttle-box avoidance. Three operant groups had the opportunity to receive response-produced feedback on either 100, 60, or 30 per cent of the extinction trials. Three yoked groups received the' same number and pattern of feedback stimuli as the operant groups, but independently of their own behavior. Significant ordering was obtained between all operant and all yoked groups, and between operant and yoked groups at all three feedback percentage levels. An ordering trend was obtained for the feedback percentage dimension, which was, however, not significant. The results, however, clearly supported the discrimination hypothesis and upheld the importance of response produced stimulus change in the maintenance of avoidance behavior.
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Date Issued: 1974
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13661
Subject Headings: Feedback (Psychology), Extinction (Psychology), Avoidance (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: DORSAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS AND REWARD MAGNITUDE SHIFTS IN RATS.
Creator: NUNEZ, ANTONIO ALBERTO., Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: Rats with bilateral, electrolytic, dorsal-hippocampal lesions were compared with operated controls in a straight runway to assess the effects of the lesion on the animals' reactions to food-incentive shifts. Within each surgical group, half the animals received 40 preshift trials with low reward while the other half received the same number of trials with high reward, following this all Ss were shifted to the opposite reward magnitude and received 40 additional trials. At this point, the Ss...
Show moreRats with bilateral, electrolytic, dorsal-hippocampal lesions were compared with operated controls in a straight runway to assess the effects of the lesion on the animals' reactions to food-incentive shifts. Within each surgical group, half the animals received 40 preshift trials with low reward while the other half received the same number of trials with high reward, following this all Ss were shifted to the opposite reward magnitude and received 40 additional trials. At this point, the Ss were shifted back to original reward magnitudes for another 40 trials. Finally, all Ss underwent experimental extinction. The data failed to support the hypothesis that dorsal hippocampal rats "overreact" to incentive shifts. Lesion animals, as compared to controls, were less sensitive to the reward shifts and showed more resistance to extinction. The results suggest that the lesion produces a deficit in the Ss ability to vary behavior specially on tasks that require response decrements. However, the lesion-produced hyperactivity introduced confounding aspects to this interpretation.
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Date Issued: 1973
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13539
Subject Headings: Hippocampus (Brain), Extinction (Psychology), Reward (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF TWO PROCEDURES FOR THE EXTINCTION OF DISCRIMINATED AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING.
Creator: JACKSON, MASON CALVIN, JR., Florida Atlantic University, Otten, Cynthia S., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Eighteen rats were used to study two procedures for the extinction of discriminated avoidance. One group (OE) was placed on extinction defined by presenting shocks as programmed but independently of the S's responses, while the other group (CE) was placed on classical extinction defined by the removal of all shocks. The two procedures were compared in terms of rate of decline and terminal level of extinction performance. In addition, the two groups were placed on a discrimination reversal...
Show moreEighteen rats were used to study two procedures for the extinction of discriminated avoidance. One group (OE) was placed on extinction defined by presenting shocks as programmed but independently of the S's responses, while the other group (CE) was placed on classical extinction defined by the removal of all shocks. The two procedures were compared in terms of rate of decline and terminal level of extinction performance. In addition, the two groups were placed on a discrimination reversal task in order to assess each procedure's effects on a new learning problem. The CE group reached a lower level of extinction performance in a fewer number of blocks than the OE Ss. Furthermore, the CE Ss were inferior to the OE Ss in terms of discrimination reversal performance as well. An interpretation of the results in terms of the removal and reinstatement of cues was offered although an alternative explanation relating to a change in the motivational states of the two groups during extinction was also presented. The interpretation in terms of the presence or absence of cues seemed to account for more of the present findings than the traditional one advocating changes in motivational levels resulting from the two divergent extinction operations.
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Date Issued: 1971
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13433
Subject Headings: Extinction (Psychology), Discrimination learning, Avoidance (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Effects of Non-reinforced Test Trials on Transposition.
Creator: Royal, Jackson W., Adamson, Robert E., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Ten male albino rats were trained In a brightness discrimination problem where they were reQuired to choose a sttmulus value of 0.053 ft/cd over one of 0.012 ft/cd. Pairs were matched accordlng to the number of trials requtred to reach a criterion of 18/20 correct responses then randomly assigned to one of two grouos for testing In transposition. Both groups were tested on the orlgtnally positive stimulus and a brighter one: 1.25 ft/cd for Group 8-C and 5.38 ft/cd for Group 8-D. By testing...
Show moreTen male albino rats were trained In a brightness discrimination problem where they were reQuired to choose a sttmulus value of 0.053 ft/cd over one of 0.012 ft/cd. Pairs were matched accordlng to the number of trials requtred to reach a criterion of 18/20 correct responses then randomly assigned to one of two grouos for testing In transposition. Both groups were tested on the orlgtnally positive stimulus and a brighter one: 1.25 ft/cd for Group 8-C and 5.38 ft/cd for Group 8-D. By testing for transposttlon wtth non-reinforced trials, contrary to the usual method, a tendency toward converging measures of transposltton was achteved. Transposition for Group 8-D, In the situation most dissimilar to training, was greater than for 8-C. These results were discussed from relational or Gestalt, Spence model, and Adaptation Level positions and It was shown that the results are contrary to traditional Gestalt predictions. It was oredlcted that, according to underlying assumptions of the Spence model, with continued non-reinforced trials, per cent of transposition for both groups would decrease until a chance level of responding was reached. That this did not occur cannot be explained by the Spence model. Because the variability was too great with such a small N, these results did not reach the .05 level of probability.
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Date Issued: 1968
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012596
Subject Headings: Transfer of training, Discrimination learning, Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: THE RELATIVE DISCRIMINATIVE ROLE OF SHOCK AND RESPONSE CONTINGENT FEEDBACK ON THE MAINTENANCE OF TWO WAY AVOIDANCE.
Creator: SCHONFELD, LAWRENCE IRA., Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: Twenty-four rats were trained to avoid shock in a shuttlebox, receiving feedback for a correct response. During extinction, matched pairs were tested under response contingent or response independent feedback, with either shock or no shock. The combination of response contingent feedback and no shock led to the greatest resistance to extinction. No other significant differences were found. The results were used to support the discrimination hypothesis, and concurred with other studies with...
Show moreTwenty-four rats were trained to avoid shock in a shuttlebox, receiving feedback for a correct response. During extinction, matched pairs were tested under response contingent or response independent feedback, with either shock or no shock. The combination of response contingent feedback and no shock led to the greatest resistance to extinction. No other significant differences were found. The results were used to support the discrimination hypothesis, and concurred with other studies with regard to: (1) the functional similarity of feedback and CS termination in the acquisition and maintenance of avoidance, and (2) the importance of the interaction of the response contingency with the avoidance contingency, in determining the effects on avoidance responding.
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Date Issued: 1975
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13714
Subject Headings: Avoidance (Psychology), Discrimination learning, Feedback (Psychology), Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES ON THE MAINTENANCE OF VICIOUS CIRCLE BEHAVIOR.
Creator: CONSTANTINO, ANTHONY PAUL., Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: Following 20 shock-escape training trials, two experimental groups of rats were reinforced for either running quickly (DRH animals could preclude shock in the center section of the runway by decreasing their starting latencies) or for running slowly (DRL animals could preclude shock in the center section of the runway by increasing their starting latencies). Results showed that the DRH animals were running consistently faster than the DRL animals. The results were discussed in terms of the...
Show moreFollowing 20 shock-escape training trials, two experimental groups of rats were reinforced for either running quickly (DRH animals could preclude shock in the center section of the runway by decreasing their starting latencies) or for running slowly (DRL animals could preclude shock in the center section of the runway by increasing their starting latencies). Results showed that the DRH animals were running consistently faster than the DRL animals. The results were discussed in terms of the existing explanations of vicious circle behavior, as well as in terms of the differential effects of the reinforcement contingencies.
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Date Issued: 1978
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13931
Subject Headings: Reinforcement (Psychology), Vicious circle principle (Logic), Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: PRECLUDING VICIOUS CIRCLE BEHAVIOR WITH A FEEDBACK STIMULUS.
Creator: YAWN, DENNIS JAMES, Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: In view of the subject's reinforcement history during avoidance training in the traditional vicious circle paradigm, the author maintained that the stimulus complex changes little during punished extinction. It was therefore reasoned that vicious circle running during punished extinction might be precluded by the presence of a feedback stimulus (FS) that had been encountered during training only on avoidance trials. To test this hypothesis, the presence of an FS and CS were manipulated in...
Show moreIn view of the subject's reinforcement history during avoidance training in the traditional vicious circle paradigm, the author maintained that the stimulus complex changes little during punished extinction. It was therefore reasoned that vicious circle running during punished extinction might be precluded by the presence of a feedback stimulus (FS) that had been encountered during training only on avoidance trials. To test this hypothesis, the presence of an FS and CS were manipulated in both training and extinction to produce a 3 x 3 factorial design. An analysis of running speed revealed that all groups ran significantly slower on initial extinction trials than on terminal acquisition trials, an outcome inconsistent with the literature. In addition, training condition was found to affect rate of extinction and rate of acquisition, although not significantly. These trends suggest that the effects of punished extinction may be attenuated through the manipulation of discriminative cues.
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Date Issued: 1975
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13696
Subject Headings: Feedback (Psychology), Vicious circle principle (Logic), Extinction (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Extinction (Psychology) (10)	+ -
Avoidance (Psychology) (3)	+ -
Discrimination learning (3)	+ -
Feedback (Psychology) (3)	+ -
Reinforcement (Psychology) (2)	+ -

Vicious circle principle (Logic) (2)	+ -
Adaptability (Psychology) (1)	+ -
Hippocampus (Brain) (1)	+ -
Psychophysiology (1)	+ -
Reward (Psychology) (1)	+ -
Transfer of training (1)	+ -

Florida Atlantic University (10)	+ -
Charles E. Schmidt College of Science (3)	+ -
Department of Psychology (3)	+ -
Adamson, Robert E. (2)	+ -
BURGHARDT, WALTER FRANCIS, JR. (1)	+ -

CONSTANTINO, ANTHONY PAUL. (1)	+ -
DIXON, JOHN STEPHEN. (1)	+ -
Henke, Peter G. (1)	+ -
JACKSON, MASON CALVIN, JR. (1)	+ -
NUNEZ, ANTONIO ALBERTO. (1)	+ -
Otten, Cynthia S. (1)	+ -
Royal, Jackson W. (1)	+ -
SCHONFELD, LAWRENCE IRA. (1)	+ -
Scheuer, Cynthia (1)	+ -
VOSS, TERENCE JEAN (1)	+ -
YAWN, DENNIS JAMES (1)	+ -

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