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Chloride penetration into concrete structures exposed to the marine atmosphere
Title
Chloride penetration into concrete structures exposed to the marine atmosphere.
Creator
Shill, Scott Thompson, Presuel-Moreno, Francisco, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description
Chloride ions present in the marine atmosphere contained in marine aerosols is investigated for a relationship with chloride that accumulated into concrete. Chloride profiles are conducted on several concrete mixes containing fly ash, silica fume, and slag, with water to cementitious ratios of 0.35, 0.41, and 0.47. The chloride accumulation in concrete samples exposed to the environment is investigated with relation to the chloride deposition from the marine atmosphere measured via the wet...
Show moreChloride ions present in the marine atmosphere contained in marine aerosols is investigated for a relationship with chloride that accumulated into concrete. Chloride profiles are conducted on several concrete mixes containing fly ash, silica fume, and slag, with water to cementitious ratios of 0.35, 0.41, and 0.47. The chloride accumulation in concrete samples exposed to the environment is investigated with relation to the chloride deposition from the marine atmosphere measured via the wet candle test. Results indicate a possible relationship for the total accumulated chloride in the concrete with the accumulated chloride deposition (wet candle). Over the exposure periods, concrete specimens with 50% slag addition and 0.47 w/cm had the lowest average rates of chloride accumulation for deposition under 100 g/m2day. Chloride accumulation was lower in concrete containing 20% fly ash and 8% silica fume with 0.35 w/cm for chloride deposition rates over 200 g/m2day.
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Date Issued
2014
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004227, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004227
Subject Headings
Chlorides -- Diffusion rate, Chlorides -- Environmental aspects, Concrete -- Chemical resistance, Concrete -- Permeability, Reinforced concrete -- Construction -- Corrosion
Format
Document (PDF)
Obstruction of chloride diffusion in concrete by embedded reinforcing bars
Title
Obstruction of chloride diffusion in concrete by embedded reinforcing bars.
Creator
Cros, Pascal., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H.
Abstract/Description
A study was performed of the effect of reinforcing bars on chloride diffusion into concrete. These bars act as obstacles to chloride movement, and this obstruction allows the chloride concentration to build-up faster along the top of the reinforcing bar than elsewhere. As a consequence, the critical chloride threshold to initiate corrosion of the steel is reached sooner than otherwise expected. This research was performed using two different methods. First, chloride analyses were performed on...
Show moreA study was performed of the effect of reinforcing bars on chloride diffusion into concrete. These bars act as obstacles to chloride movement, and this obstruction allows the chloride concentration to build-up faster along the top of the reinforcing bar than elsewhere. As a consequence, the critical chloride threshold to initiate corrosion of the steel is reached sooner than otherwise expected. This research was performed using two different methods. First, chloride analyses were performed on chloride exposed concrete blocks by taking cores in the concrete and drillings along the trace of the top bars. Second, concrete blocks models were analyzed by finite element analysis and the effect of the obstruction by the bar quantified. The role of the reinforcing bar in the chloride diffusional flow is discussed considering these two methods.
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Date Issued
2005
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13239
Subject Headings
Reinforcing bars--Corrosion, Reinforced concrete construction--Corrosion, Concrete--Additives, Chlorides--Diffusion rate
Format
Document (PDF)
Experimental and Modeling Study of Chloride Ingress into Concrete and Reinforcement Corrosion Initiation
Title
Experimental and Modeling Study of Chloride Ingress into Concrete and Reinforcement Corrosion Initiation.
Creator
Yu, Hui, Hartt, William H., Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description
Effects of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on chloride ingression into concrete and reinforcement corrosion initiation have been studied with experimental and modeling (finite element method) analyses. Once specimens were fabricated and exposed to a chloride solution, various experimental techniques were employed to determine the effect of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on time-to-corrosion and chloride ingress and concentration at corrosion locations. Model analyses were performed to...
Show moreEffects of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on chloride ingression into concrete and reinforcement corrosion initiation have been studied with experimental and modeling (finite element method) analyses. Once specimens were fabricated and exposed to a chloride solution, various experimental techniques were employed to determine the effect of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on time-to-corrosion and chloride ingress and concentration at corrosion locations. Model analyses were performed to verify and explain the experimental results. Based upon the results, it was determined that unexpectedly higher chloride concentrations were present on the top of the rebar trace than that to the side at the same depth and an inverse concentration gradient (increasing [Cl-] with increasing depth) occurred near the top of rebars. Also, coarse aggregate volume profile in close proximity to the rebar and spatial distribution of these aggregates, in conjunction with the physical obstruction afforded by reinforcement to chloride flow, complicates concrete sampling for Cl- intended to define the critical concentration of this species to initiate corrosion. Modeling analyses that considered cover thickness, chloride threshold concentration, reinforcement size and shape, and coarse aggregate type and percolation confirmed the experimental findings. The results, at least in part, account for the relatively wide spread in chloride corrosion threshold values reported in the literature and illustrate that more consistent chloride threshold concentrations can be acquired from mortar or paste specimens than from concrete ones.
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Date Issued
2007
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012582
Subject Headings
Reinforced concrete construction--Corrosion, Chlorides--Diffusion rate, Composite reinforced concrete, Concrete--Chemical resistance
Format
Document (PDF)
Correlation of Chloride Diffusivity and Electrical Resistance for Cracked Concrete
Title
Correlation of Chloride Diffusivity and Electrical Resistance for Cracked Concrete.
Creator
Merantus, Stanley W., Reddy, Dronnadula V., Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering
Abstract/Description
The durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in the Marine environment is causing serious concern in the structural infrastructure. Reinforced concrete structures, exposed to aggressive environments, are expected to last with little or no maintenance for long periods of time. However, one of the most serious environmental exposures that causes degradation is Chloride Diffusion, due to shrinkage, atmospheric corrosion, and tide-induced wet and dry conditions at the air-water...
Show moreThe durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in the Marine environment is causing serious concern in the structural infrastructure. Reinforced concrete structures, exposed to aggressive environments, are expected to last with little or no maintenance for long periods of time. However, one of the most serious environmental exposures that causes degradation is Chloride Diffusion, due to shrinkage, atmospheric corrosion, and tide-induced wet and dry conditions at the air-water interfaces of coastal structures. Therefore, chloride diffusivity, which correlates with the electrical resistivity, has a significant impact on the durability of concrete. Concrete chloride diffusivity has been experimented by multiple agencies and researchers on sound concrete, but there is a considerable need for investigation of the durability of cracked concrete in the marine environment. The two test methods carried out are presented: Standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1202 for Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) and ASTM D257 for Surface Resistivity (SR), and Nordtest (NT) Build 492 for Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) and Bulk Resistivity (BR) for both sound (uncracked) and cracked (micro and macro) concrete. The limitations of the ASTM method, due to measurements before the steady-state migration is reached, does not account for leakage in cracked concrete, and the heating of the specimen due to higher current that increase the conductivity are indicated. The Rapid Chloride Migration test provides for the non-steady state of diffusion. Again, Bulk Resistivity, in contradistinction to Surface Resistivity is more accurate for cracked concrete. The correlation betweeen RCM-BR are plotted. Chloride Permeability/Migration is an important parameter that governs the Durability of Concrete. The principal contribution is the highlighting of the inadequacy of the current widely used standard ASTM C1202 for diffusivity testing, and the need for revision with further investigation.
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Date Issued
2017
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004942, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004942
Subject Headings
Reinforced concrete--Construction--Corrosion., Reinforced concrete--Deterioration., Concrete--Corrosion., Concrete--Chemical resistance., Chlorides--Environmental aspects., Chlorides--Diffusion rate.
Format
Document (PDF)