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Title: The role of calcium-hydroxide in the maintenance of passivity of steel.
Creator: Sohanghpurwala, Ali Akbar S., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of undissolved calcium hydroxide at the steel interface helped maintain or delay the breakdown of passivity under adverse conditions, such as the presence of chlorides and carbonation. Saturated calcium hydroxide solution was used as an electrolyte in the test cell, and steel specimens were exposed to a range of chloride ion concentration and carbonation. The results indicate that undissolved calcium hydroxide has an important...
Show moreThe objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of undissolved calcium hydroxide at the steel interface helped maintain or delay the breakdown of passivity under adverse conditions, such as the presence of chlorides and carbonation. Saturated calcium hydroxide solution was used as an electrolyte in the test cell, and steel specimens were exposed to a range of chloride ion concentration and carbonation. The results indicate that undissolved calcium hydroxide has an important role in the passivation of reinforcing steel. Also, the critical chloride to hydroxide ratio may be more relevant in characterizing the breakdown of passivity than the threshold value of total or soluble chloride present in the electrolyte. It was noted that in the presence of undissolved calcium hydroxide, steel remained passive for as high a chloride ion concentration as 0.54% (by weight of electrolyte).
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Date Issued: 1988
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14429
Subject Headings: Chlorides, Steel--Corrosion
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Hematocrit, osmolality and ion concentration in fishes: consideration of circadian patterns in the experimental design.
Creator: Peterson, Mark S., Gilmore, R. G., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
Date Issued: 1988
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3353815
Subject Headings: Fishes, Hematocrit, Osmoregulation, Ions, Circadian rhythms, Chlorides
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Chloride thresholds for initiation of corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete.
Creator: Perks, Robert Adam., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: A study was performed of variables that affect the chloride threshold for corrosion of reinforcement, including pore water alkalinity, water-to-cement ratio, the use of Florida aggregate, and the addition of fly ash. To accomplish this, specimens were subjected to a periodic wet-dry ponding cycle using 15% by weight NaCl solution. Half cell potential and macrocell current measurements were taken to determine the time to corrosion. Upon active corrosion, the specimens were removed from the...
Show moreA study was performed of variables that affect the chloride threshold for corrosion of reinforcement, including pore water alkalinity, water-to-cement ratio, the use of Florida aggregate, and the addition of fly ash. To accomplish this, specimens were subjected to a periodic wet-dry ponding cycle using 15% by weight NaCl solution. Half cell potential and macrocell current measurements were taken to determine the time to corrosion. Upon active corrosion, the specimens were removed from the ponding cycle and dissected. Powder samples were collected from the concrete at the steel depth to ascertain the total chloride concentration. The determination of the pore water pH was attempted using a leaching method. To date only a portion of the specimens have displayed corrosion. The role of cement alkalinity and water-to-cement ratio in affecting corrosion resistance is reported and the results are discussed within the context of designing concrete structures for corrosion resistance.
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Date Issued: 2000
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12721
Subject Headings: Steel--Corrosion, Reinforced concrete, Chlorides
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Chloride penetration into concrete structures exposed to the marine atmosphere.
Creator: Shill, Scott Thompson, Presuel-Moreno, Francisco, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: Chloride ions present in the marine atmosphere contained in marine aerosols is investigated for a relationship with chloride that accumulated into concrete. Chloride profiles are conducted on several concrete mixes containing fly ash, silica fume, and slag, with water to cementitious ratios of 0.35, 0.41, and 0.47. The chloride accumulation in concrete samples exposed to the environment is investigated with relation to the chloride deposition from the marine atmosphere measured via the wet...
Show moreChloride ions present in the marine atmosphere contained in marine aerosols is investigated for a relationship with chloride that accumulated into concrete. Chloride profiles are conducted on several concrete mixes containing fly ash, silica fume, and slag, with water to cementitious ratios of 0.35, 0.41, and 0.47. The chloride accumulation in concrete samples exposed to the environment is investigated with relation to the chloride deposition from the marine atmosphere measured via the wet candle test. Results indicate a possible relationship for the total accumulated chloride in the concrete with the accumulated chloride deposition (wet candle). Over the exposure periods, concrete specimens with 50% slag addition and 0.47 w/cm had the lowest average rates of chloride accumulation for deposition under 100 g/m2day. Chloride accumulation was lower in concrete containing 20% fly ash and 8% silica fume with 0.35 w/cm for chloride deposition rates over 200 g/m2day.
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Date Issued: 2014
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004227, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004227
Subject Headings: Chlorides -- Diffusion rate, Chlorides -- Environmental aspects, Concrete -- Chemical resistance, Concrete -- Permeability, Reinforced concrete -- Construction -- Corrosion
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: A study of steady state and kinetic regulation of chloride ion and osmotic pressure in hemolymph of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to tri-n-butyltin.
Creator: Bokman, Elizabeth, Laughlin, R. B., Jr., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
Date Issued: 1989
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FCLA/DT/3333173
Subject Headings: Crassostrea virginica, American oyster, Hemolymph, Trialkyltin Compounds, Osmotic Pressure, Chlorides
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Effects of cement alkalinity, exposure conditions and steel-concrete interface on the time-to-corrosion and chloride threshold for reinforcing steel in concrete.
Creator: Nam, Jingak., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: Effects of (1) cement alkalinity (low, normal and high), (2) exposure conditions (RH and temperature), (3) rebar surface condition (as-received versus cleaned) and (4) density and distribution of air voids at the steel-concrete interface on the chloride threshold and time-to-corrosion for reinforcing steel in concrete have been studied. Also, experiments were performed to evaluate effects of RH and temperature on the diffusion of chloride in concrete and develop a method for ex-situ pH...
Show moreEffects of (1) cement alkalinity (low, normal and high), (2) exposure conditions (RH and temperature), (3) rebar surface condition (as-received versus cleaned) and (4) density and distribution of air voids at the steel-concrete interface on the chloride threshold and time-to-corrosion for reinforcing steel in concrete have been studied. Also, experiments were performed to evaluate effects of RH and temperature on the diffusion of chloride in concrete and develop a method for ex-situ pH measurement of concrete pore water. Once specimens were fabricated and exposed to a corrosive chloride solution, various experimental techniques were employed to determine time-to-corrosion, chloride threshold, diffusion coefficient and void density along the rebar trace as well as pore water pH. Based upon the resultant data, several findings related to the above parameters have been obtained as summarized below. First, time for the corrosion initiation was longest for G109 concrete specimens with high alkalinity cement (HA). Also, chloride threshold increased with increasing time-to-corrosion and cement alkalinity. Consequently, the HA specimens exhibited the highest chloride threshold compared to low and normal alkalinity ones. Second, high temperature and temperature variations reduced time-to-corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete since chloride diffusion was accelerated at higher temperature and possibly by temperature variations. The lowest chloride threshold values were found for outdoor exposed specimens suggesting that variation of RH or temperature (or both) facilitated rapid chloride diffusion. Third, an elevated time-to-corrosion and chloride threshold values were found for the wire brushed steel specimens compared to as-received ones. The higher ratio of [OH-]/[Fe n+] on the wire brushed steel surface compared to that of as-received case can be the possible cause because the higher ratio of this parameter enables the formation of a more protective passive film on the rebar. Fourth, voids at the steel-concrete interface facilitated passive film breakdown and onset of localized corrosion. This tendency for corrosion initiation increased in proportion to void size irrespective of specimen type. Also, [Cl -]th decreased with increasing void diameter. In addition, new ex-situ leaching method for determining concrete pore water alkalinity was developed.
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Date Issued: 2004
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12096
Subject Headings: Reinforced concrete construction, Chlorides, Steel--Corrosion, Composite reinforced concrete
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Chloride Diffusivity and Aging Factor Determined on Field Simulated Concrete Exposed to Seawater.
Creator: Raof, Farhad Fakheri, Presuel-Moreno, Francisco, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: Chloride diffusivity in high performance concrete is influenced by the exposure environment, aside from the concrete mixture properties like, water to cementitious ratio (w/cm) and presence of add-on pozzolans. In this study, a set of concrete specimens (eleven-different concrete mixtures) were cast and exposed to three different environmental conditions (Tidal, Splash and Barge) in which the solution was seawater or brackish water. These exposures simulated environmental field conditions....
Show moreChloride diffusivity in high performance concrete is influenced by the exposure environment, aside from the concrete mixture properties like, water to cementitious ratio (w/cm) and presence of add-on pozzolans. In this study, a set of concrete specimens (eleven-different concrete mixtures) were cast and exposed to three different environmental conditions (Tidal, Splash and Barge) in which the solution was seawater or brackish water. These exposures simulated environmental field conditions. After the specimens had been wet cured for 32 days (on average), the specimens were exposed to three different field simulation conditions for up to 54 months. The specimens under the field simulated conditions were cored at 6, 10, 18, 30 and 54 months at four elevations and then the chloride profiles were obtained from the cores. The apparent diffusivity values for each profile were calculated based on Fick’s 2nd law. Then, the aging factor “m” was calculated by regression analysis of the diffusivity values vs. time (days) plotted in the log10-log10 scale. This was done for samples exposed to the three different exposure conditions and then the results were compared side-by-side. First, the “m” values were calculated using the exposure duration. Then, to study the effect of including the curing time on “m” value, the curing time was added to the exposure time and a new calculation and “m” value was obtained and compared with the previous results. Moreover, upon inspecting the chloride diffusivity values vs. time plots, it was observed that in some cases, a number of data points showed significantly higher or lower values in comparison with the rest of the data points. It was decided to recalculate the “m” values for these cases, and to only use selected data points instead of all data points (i.e., remove outlier data points). In terms of chloride diffusivity value, it was found that in most cases the specimens with higher water to cementitious (w/cm) ratio showed higher diffusivity, as expected. Further, the presence of pozzolans had a noticeable impact on the chloride diffusivity by decreasing the diffusion rate due to microstructure changes that occurred with time. In terms of “m” values, the result for the field simulated conditions showed a range of “m” values dependent on the specimen’s mixture composition and the elevation at which the specimens were cored. It was observed that the chloride diffusivity declined with time and after a certain amount of time (in this research, almost after 30 months) the diffusivity reduction became small and a transition in the slope of the diffusivity trend appeared in a number of cases. After the transition, the diffusivity trend reached either a plateau zone or continued with a significantly lower slope, depending on the time, composition and exposure. It was found that the specimens under tidal and splash field simulation conditions that had only fly ash in their mixtures showed higher “m” values when compared with samples that contained fly ash and silica fume or fifty percent slag.
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Date Issued: 2019
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013254
Subject Headings: Concrete--Environmental testing, Seawater, Chlorides, Diffusion, Concrete--Deterioration
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Evaluation of Corrosion Resistant Ferric-Alloys in Chloride Contaminated Concrete.
Creator: Himiob, Rodrigo J., Hartt, William H., Florida Atlantic University
Abstract/Description: The penetration of chloride ions through concrete can compromise the integrity of a structure. The chloride concentration, [Cl-], at which the corrosion process initiates is termed the critical chloride concentration or chloride threshold, [Cl-]th. One of the purposes of this research was to determine the [Cl-]th for various reinforcing alloys. Furthermore, the time-to-corrosion (TIC) was measured to determine the time at which bars become active. Both parameters, [Cl-]th and TTC, were found...
Show moreThe penetration of chloride ions through concrete can compromise the integrity of a structure. The chloride concentration, [Cl-], at which the corrosion process initiates is termed the critical chloride concentration or chloride threshold, [Cl-]th. One of the purposes of this research was to determine the [Cl-]th for various reinforcing alloys. Furthermore, the time-to-corrosion (TIC) was measured to determine the time at which bars become active. Both parameters, [Cl-]th and TTC, were found to be distributed; therefore, statistical analyses were performed to forecast the probability of activity. A new experimental procedure was introduced to increase the TTC data set by electrically isolating the top bars as they became active. The research also compared the [Cl-] for core samples with those values obtained from along the top rebar trace. In general, this analysis demonstrated that core sample [Cr] was lower than at the rebar-trace.
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Date Issued: 2007
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012527
Subject Headings: Steel--Corrosion, Reinforcing bars--Corrosion, Chlorides
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Influence of chlorides and surface condition on pitting potential of high performance reinforcing steel.
Creator: Leroux, Virginie Edwige., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: In order to identify the influence of chlorides and surface finish on pitting potential of high performance reinforcing steel, cyclic polarization scans were performed on types 304, 2201 and 3Cr12 stainless steels and MMFX-II in simulated pore solution to which chloride was incrementally added. Furthermore, the surface condition was investigated with regard to the pitting potential. Pitting potential distributions versus the chloride content and surface finish were obtained. Pitting...
Show moreIn order to identify the influence of chlorides and surface finish on pitting potential of high performance reinforcing steel, cyclic polarization scans were performed on types 304, 2201 and 3Cr12 stainless steels and MMFX-II in simulated pore solution to which chloride was incrementally added. Furthermore, the surface condition was investigated with regard to the pitting potential. Pitting potential distributions versus the chloride content and surface finish were obtained. Pitting resistance was lowered as chloride was added and as the surface became rougher. Furthermore, a critical chloride to hydroxide ratio as a function of potential was determined for each material. Finally, according to the results of this study, the MMFX reinforcing steel was considered to have a corrosion performance close to that of Type 2201 stainless steel for bridge use. MMFX-II specimens with a polished surface exhibited more positive pitting potentials than did ones with an as-received finish.
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Date Issued: 2004
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13103
Subject Headings: Reinforcing bars--Corrosion, Steel, Structural--Corrosion, Chlorides
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Correlation of Chloride Diffusivity and Electrical Resistance for Cracked Concrete.
Creator: Merantus, Stanley W., Reddy, Dronnadula V., Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering
Abstract/Description: The durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in the Marine environment is causing serious concern in the structural infrastructure. Reinforced concrete structures, exposed to aggressive environments, are expected to last with little or no maintenance for long periods of time. However, one of the most serious environmental exposures that causes degradation is Chloride Diffusion, due to shrinkage, atmospheric corrosion, and tide-induced wet and dry conditions at the air-water...
Show moreThe durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in the Marine environment is causing serious concern in the structural infrastructure. Reinforced concrete structures, exposed to aggressive environments, are expected to last with little or no maintenance for long periods of time. However, one of the most serious environmental exposures that causes degradation is Chloride Diffusion, due to shrinkage, atmospheric corrosion, and tide-induced wet and dry conditions at the air-water interfaces of coastal structures. Therefore, chloride diffusivity, which correlates with the electrical resistivity, has a significant impact on the durability of concrete. Concrete chloride diffusivity has been experimented by multiple agencies and researchers on sound concrete, but there is a considerable need for investigation of the durability of cracked concrete in the marine environment. The two test methods carried out are presented: Standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1202 for Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) and ASTM D257 for Surface Resistivity (SR), and Nordtest (NT) Build 492 for Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) and Bulk Resistivity (BR) for both sound (uncracked) and cracked (micro and macro) concrete. The limitations of the ASTM method, due to measurements before the steady-state migration is reached, does not account for leakage in cracked concrete, and the heating of the specimen due to higher current that increase the conductivity are indicated. The Rapid Chloride Migration test provides for the non-steady state of diffusion. Again, Bulk Resistivity, in contradistinction to Surface Resistivity is more accurate for cracked concrete. The correlation betweeen RCM-BR are plotted. Chloride Permeability/Migration is an important parameter that governs the Durability of Concrete. The principal contribution is the highlighting of the inadequacy of the current widely used standard ASTM C1202 for diffusivity testing, and the need for revision with further investigation.
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Date Issued: 2017
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004942, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004942
Subject Headings: Reinforced concrete--Construction--Corrosion., Reinforced concrete--Deterioration., Concrete--Corrosion., Concrete--Chemical resistance., Chlorides--Environmental aspects., Chlorides--Diffusion rate.
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Effect of Polarization on Steel Embedded in Simulated Piling Specimens Evaluated by Critical Chloride Threshold.
Creator: Tanner, Russell, Hartt, William H., Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: Critical chloride threshold, CT values for initiation of reinforced steel corrosion m mortar typical of Florida coastal bridge substructures were determined in laboratory tests. Previous research has reported CT values that vary by more than an order-of-magnitude, making design life estimation for structures difficult. On this basis, experiments on piling type specimens focused on [Cl-] contamination in the splash zone and coupling of this steel to a large surface area submerged anode. The...
Show moreCritical chloride threshold, CT values for initiation of reinforced steel corrosion m mortar typical of Florida coastal bridge substructures were determined in laboratory tests. Previous research has reported CT values that vary by more than an order-of-magnitude, making design life estimation for structures difficult. On this basis, experiments on piling type specimens focused on [Cl-] contamination in the splash zone and coupling of this steel to a large surface area submerged anode. The lower portion of simulated piling was immersed and the region above the waterline periodically sprayed with NaCI solution. Corrosion potential with respect to height above the waterline was monitored. A temporary depolarization method for determining as to whether or not corrosion had initiated is proposed. Chloride distribution at the reinforcement-concrete interface was determined in piling using energy dispersive x-ray analysis and related to height with respect to the waterline. Chloride threshold was related to corrosion potential.
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Date Issued: 2007
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012560
Subject Headings: Reinforced concrete construction, Steel, Structural--Corrosion, Chlorides, Corrosion and anti-corrosives, Seawater corrosion
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Obstruction of chloride diffusion in concrete by embedded reinforcing bars.
Creator: Cros, Pascal., Florida Atlantic University, Hartt, William H.
Abstract/Description: A study was performed of the effect of reinforcing bars on chloride diffusion into concrete. These bars act as obstacles to chloride movement, and this obstruction allows the chloride concentration to build-up faster along the top of the reinforcing bar than elsewhere. As a consequence, the critical chloride threshold to initiate corrosion of the steel is reached sooner than otherwise expected. This research was performed using two different methods. First, chloride analyses were performed on...
Show moreA study was performed of the effect of reinforcing bars on chloride diffusion into concrete. These bars act as obstacles to chloride movement, and this obstruction allows the chloride concentration to build-up faster along the top of the reinforcing bar than elsewhere. As a consequence, the critical chloride threshold to initiate corrosion of the steel is reached sooner than otherwise expected. This research was performed using two different methods. First, chloride analyses were performed on chloride exposed concrete blocks by taking cores in the concrete and drillings along the trace of the top bars. Second, concrete blocks models were analyzed by finite element analysis and the effect of the obstruction by the bar quantified. The role of the reinforcing bar in the chloride diffusional flow is discussed considering these two methods.
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Date Issued: 2005
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13239
Subject Headings: Reinforcing bars--Corrosion, Reinforced concrete construction--Corrosion, Concrete--Additives, Chlorides--Diffusion rate
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Experimental and Modeling Study of Chloride Ingress into Concrete and Reinforcement Corrosion Initiation.
Creator: Yu, Hui, Hartt, William H., Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: Effects of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on chloride ingression into concrete and reinforcement corrosion initiation have been studied with experimental and modeling (finite element method) analyses. Once specimens were fabricated and exposed to a chloride solution, various experimental techniques were employed to determine the effect of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on time-to-corrosion and chloride ingress and concentration at corrosion locations. Model analyses were performed to...
Show moreEffects of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on chloride ingression into concrete and reinforcement corrosion initiation have been studied with experimental and modeling (finite element method) analyses. Once specimens were fabricated and exposed to a chloride solution, various experimental techniques were employed to determine the effect of reinforcement and coarse aggregate on time-to-corrosion and chloride ingress and concentration at corrosion locations. Model analyses were performed to verify and explain the experimental results. Based upon the results, it was determined that unexpectedly higher chloride concentrations were present on the top of the rebar trace than that to the side at the same depth and an inverse concentration gradient (increasing [Cl-] with increasing depth) occurred near the top of rebars. Also, coarse aggregate volume profile in close proximity to the rebar and spatial distribution of these aggregates, in conjunction with the physical obstruction afforded by reinforcement to chloride flow, complicates concrete sampling for Cl- intended to define the critical concentration of this species to initiate corrosion. Modeling analyses that considered cover thickness, chloride threshold concentration, reinforcement size and shape, and coarse aggregate type and percolation confirmed the experimental findings. The results, at least in part, account for the relatively wide spread in chloride corrosion threshold values reported in the literature and illustrate that more consistent chloride threshold concentrations can be acquired from mortar or paste specimens than from concrete ones.
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Date Issued: 2007
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00012582
Subject Headings: Reinforced concrete construction--Corrosion, Chlorides--Diffusion rate, Composite reinforced concrete, Concrete--Chemical resistance
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Concrete diffusivity and its correlation with chloride deposition rate on concrete exposed to marine environments.
Creator: Echevarria, Victor Anthony., College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract/Description: The aim of this study was to investigate the diffusion of chloride ions into concrete samples that were exposed in scenarios that simulate the splash, tidal, atmospheric, and immersed portions of a marine structure. To study the atmospheric deposition, the project also investigated the relationship between chloride ion deposition on the wet candle and its accumulation into concrete samples. Results from the wet candle experiment indicated that between 2% and 45% of the chlorides deposited per...
Show moreThe aim of this study was to investigate the diffusion of chloride ions into concrete samples that were exposed in scenarios that simulate the splash, tidal, atmospheric, and immersed portions of a marine structure. To study the atmospheric deposition, the project also investigated the relationship between chloride ion deposition on the wet candle and its accumulation into concrete samples. Results from the wet candle experiment indicated that between 2% and 45% of the chlorides deposited per square meter of exposed area could be found within the concrete samples. After 6 months, slag G1a blocks showed the most resistance to chloride penetration in the tidal and splash simulations. After 10 months of exposure, fly ash samples had the slowest rates of diffusion in the tidal simulation while the fly ash + silica fume samples and the slag samples measured similar rates of diffusion within the tidal zone. After 90 days of curing, cylinders composed of 20% fly ash & 8% silica fume measured the highest average resistivity values and were found to be less vulnerable to chloride ion penetration than the 20% fly ash and the 50% slag concrete through rapid migration tests.
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Date Issued: 2012
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3358557
Subject Headings: Reinforced concrete, Construction, Corrosion, Composite reinforced concrete, Corrosion, Testing, Concrete, Fluid dynamics, Concrete, Chemical resistance, Chlorides, Diffusion rate
Format: Document (PDF)

FAU Theses and Dissertations (12)	+ -
HBOI Faculty Contributions (2)	+ -

Chlorides (10)	+ -
Steel--Corrosion (4)	+ -
Composite reinforced concrete (3)	+ -
Reinforcing bars--Corrosion (3)	+ -
Chlorides--Diffusion rate (2)	+ -

Reinforced concrete (2)	+ -
Reinforced concrete construction (2)	+ -
Reinforced concrete construction--Corrosion (2)	+ -
Steel, Structural--Corrosion (2)	+ -
American oyster (1)	+ -
Chemical resistance (1)	+ -
Chlorides -- Diffusion rate (1)	+ -
Chlorides -- Environmental aspects (1)	+ -
Chlorides--Diffusion rate. (1)	+ -
Chlorides--Environmental aspects. (1)	+ -
Circadian rhythms (1)	+ -
Concrete (1)	+ -
Concrete -- Chemical resistance (1)	+ -
Concrete -- Permeability (1)	+ -
Concrete--Additives (1)	+ -
Concrete--Chemical resistance (1)	+ -
Concrete--Chemical resistance. (1)	+ -
Concrete--Corrosion. (1)	+ -
Concrete--Deterioration (1)	+ -
Concrete--Environmental testing (1)	+ -
Construction (1)	+ -
Corrosion (1)	+ -
Corrosion and anti-corrosives (1)	+ -
Crassostrea virginica (1)	+ -
Diffusion (1)	+ -

Electronic Thesis or Dissertation (12)	+ -
article (2)	+ -

Florida Atlantic University (11)	+ -
College of Engineering and Computer Science (10)	+ -
Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering (9)	+ -
Hartt, William H. (8)	+ -
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (2)	+ -

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