Current Search: Tappen, Ruth M. (x)
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- Title
- The Significance of Adult Day Care.
- Creator
- Waligora, Kyra, Tappen, Ruth M.
- Abstract/Description
-
The purpose of this research project is to investigate the impact adult day care centers have on cognitively impaired older adults and their caregivers. I extracted data from records of the Louis and Anne Green Memory and Wellness Center participants who have given consent and attended the center for a minimum of six months. I have discovered that participants benefit from this day center because they experience an improved quality of life, maintain a higher level of functioning, have more...
Show moreThe purpose of this research project is to investigate the impact adult day care centers have on cognitively impaired older adults and their caregivers. I extracted data from records of the Louis and Anne Green Memory and Wellness Center participants who have given consent and attended the center for a minimum of six months. I have discovered that participants benefit from this day center because they experience an improved quality of life, maintain a higher level of functioning, have more opportunities for socialization, and establish friendships and connections. Caregivers of participants enrolled in the day center also benefit because they receive access to caregiver support groups, are temporarily freed from the responsibility to care, and are pleased that participants attend the center and enjoy attending the center. These findings contribute to the current body of research literature that supports the contributions of adult day care centers.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA0005040
- Subject Headings
- College students --Research --United States.
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Applying Roach’s Six C’s of Caring to Gather Health Data through Telephone Interviewing.
- Creator
- Moffa, Christine M., Tappen, Ruth M., Liehr, Patricia, Graduate College
- Abstract/Description
-
The use of the telephone to speak to study participants about health-related issues is useful when logistics make it difficult for participant and researcher to meet in person. However, gaining the trust of the participant can be a challenge, partly due to fears of fraud and identity theft. A spirit of openness and caring must come across the telephone lines between interviewer and interviewee. Roach’s six C’s can be applied to convey a sense of caring, thereby relaxing the participant and...
Show moreThe use of the telephone to speak to study participants about health-related issues is useful when logistics make it difficult for participant and researcher to meet in person. However, gaining the trust of the participant can be a challenge, partly due to fears of fraud and identity theft. A spirit of openness and caring must come across the telephone lines between interviewer and interviewee. Roach’s six C’s can be applied to convey a sense of caring, thereby relaxing the participant and increasing their sense of safety to enhance the quantity and quality of health data being collected. According to Roach, caring is manifested through six C’s – compassion, competence, confidence, conscience, commitment, and comportment. Interviewers can be trained through role playing and scripting using Roach’s caring model. Compassion is expressed by being sensitive to the anxiety and apprehension they may feel toward receiving a call from a stranger, who is asking about health-related issues. Competence is expressed by being able to give the participant the information they need to have an understanding as to what they are consenting. Confidence is achieved by ensuring the participant that the information they share will be used appropriately and for the greater-good. Conscience is expressed by following ethical research protocols, adhering to confidentiality, and respecting the relationship with the research participant. Finally, interviewers manifest caring through comportment by identifying themselves with their name, credentials, and institution; addressing the participant formally; using language the participant can understand; and projecting caring through tone of voice.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00005839
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Basic knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease in rural populations.
- Creator
- Wiese, Lisa Kirk, Williams, Christine L., Tappen, Ruth M., Graduate College
- Date Issued
- 2013-04-12
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3361371
- Subject Headings
- Alzheimer's disease, Rural population
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Perceived Swallowing Disorders in Healthy Aging Individuals: Impact on Quality of Life.
- Creator
- Singer, Clare, Keintz, Connie, Danesh, Ali, Graduate College, Engstrom, Gabriella, Ouslander, Joseph, Tappen, Ruth M.
- Abstract/Description
-
With large numbers of Americans over 65 years of age, millions of elderly individuals could be at risk for swallowing disorders or dysphagia. These disorders can greatly affect a person’s quality of life and health. While the aging process in a healthy individual does not necessarily lead to impaired swallowing, aging can lead to changes in the swallowing process, known as presbyphagia (Robbins, et al., 1992). Further data is needed regarding prevalence, effects of lifestyle, and relationship...
Show moreWith large numbers of Americans over 65 years of age, millions of elderly individuals could be at risk for swallowing disorders or dysphagia. These disorders can greatly affect a person’s quality of life and health. While the aging process in a healthy individual does not necessarily lead to impaired swallowing, aging can lead to changes in the swallowing process, known as presbyphagia (Robbins, et al., 1992). Further data is needed regarding prevalence, effects of lifestyle, and relationship with fatigue and swallowing abilities in healthy aging individuals. The purpose of this study was to: investigate the prevalence of self-reported swallowing difficulties in a healthy aging population; determine if age, ethnicity, or gender impact whether healthy aging individuals perceive swallowing problems; and, if individuals reporting swallowing difficulties experience avoidance of social situations or if fatigue relates as a factor in presbyphagia. A significantly greater proportion of Hispanic Americans indicated swallowing difficulties than expected by chance, 18.8% "No" vs. 40.5% "Yes" (p = .0035). Further analysis indicated those who self-reported swallowing difficulties were less socially engaged (t = 1.75, p = .048) and, for people who self-reported swallowing difficulties a significant correlation between reduced social aspects of life and increased level of fatigue (r = -.473, p = .003).Previous studies have reported mealtime anxiety and avoidance of eating with other people in elderly individuals (Ekberg, 2002). Overall, the negative social impact from presbyphagia can seriously affect an individual’s quality of life, however, early identification of swallowing difficulties and remediation may be beneficial.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00005912
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Evaluation of videotape as a form of patient education post-hip repair: Staff perspectives.
- Creator
- Biles, Teresa Ann., Florida Atlantic University, Tappen, Ruth M.
- Abstract/Description
-
Nurses have been able to invent new and creative ways to educate patients due to advances in technology. One advance, the use of videotapes for patient education, has increased in popularity over the last decade. This study evaluated the use of a videotape entitled "Moving Along," which was designed for post-hip repair patient education. A questionnaire was used to determine healthcare personnel's perspectives regarding content of the videotape and recommendations regarding videotape use and...
Show moreNurses have been able to invent new and creative ways to educate patients due to advances in technology. One advance, the use of videotapes for patient education, has increased in popularity over the last decade. This study evaluated the use of a videotape entitled "Moving Along," which was designed for post-hip repair patient education. A questionnaire was used to determine healthcare personnel's perspectives regarding content of the videotape and recommendations regarding videotape use and length. Data analyzed consisted of responses to the questionnaire. Analysis of the results suggested that the videotape should aid patients recovering from hip surgery as the content was found to be informative. Suggestions for information that could be added as well as deleted in order to improve the videotape are also reported. Videotapes permit the patient to review material at leisure and may free the nurse for other responsibilities.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1997
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15457
- Subject Headings
- Patient education--Audio-visual aids, Video tapes in education, Postoperative care
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- A comparison of the Boston Naming Test and Miami Naming Test in an Afro-Caribbean population over the age of 55.
- Creator
- Keane, Florence., Florida Atlantic University, Tappen, Ruth M.
- Abstract/Description
-
The Boston Naming Test (60 items) and the newly developed Miami Naming Test (76 items) are designed to assess naming deficits and word-retrieval capacities. These two tests were compared in a sample of 106 Afro-Caribbean elders. Analysis included inter-rater, test-retest reliability and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The correlation between the scores of both raters on the Boston Naming Test was r=.9974 and r=.9984 on the Miami Naming Test. The test-retest reliability scores...
Show moreThe Boston Naming Test (60 items) and the newly developed Miami Naming Test (76 items) are designed to assess naming deficits and word-retrieval capacities. These two tests were compared in a sample of 106 Afro-Caribbean elders. Analysis included inter-rater, test-retest reliability and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The correlation between the scores of both raters on the Boston Naming Test was r=.9974 and r=.9984 on the Miami Naming Test. The test-retest reliability scores were r=.936 for the Boston Naming Test and r=.931 for the Miami Naming Test. The alpha level for the Miami Naming Test was .95 and the Boston Naming Test was .94. The individual items for both tests were evaluated for their level of difficulty and the scores on the Miami Naming Test were compared to the Boston Naming Test and the Mini Mental State Exam results. Results indicated acceptable levels of reliability for both the Boston Naming Test and the Miami Naming Test. This study shed light on which items should be replaced or deleted and future directions for research on assessment of dementia on older adults of Afro-Caribbean background. This study was supported by Minority Supplement grant #NR07744-01 and was guided by design of the parent grant Culture Bias in Expressive Ability in Dementia funded by the National Institute of Nursing research.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2005
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/12178
- Subject Headings
- Language and languages--Examinations--Research, Aging--Psychological aspects, Medical care--Needs assessment, Dementia--Research--Cross-cultural studies, Educational tests and measurements
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- A Systematic Review and Quantitative Meta-Analysis of the Accuracy of Visual Inspection for Cervical Cancer Screening: Does Provider Type or Training Matter?.
- Creator
- Driscoll, Susan D., Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Background: A global cervical cancer health disparity persists despite the demonstrated success of primary and secondary preventive strategies, such as cervical visual inspection (VI). Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence and death for women in many low resource areas. The greatest risk is for those who are unable or unwilling to access screening. Barriers include healthcare personnel shortages, cost, transportation, and mistrust of healthcare providers and systems. Using...
Show moreBackground: A global cervical cancer health disparity persists despite the demonstrated success of primary and secondary preventive strategies, such as cervical visual inspection (VI). Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence and death for women in many low resource areas. The greatest risk is for those who are unable or unwilling to access screening. Barriers include healthcare personnel shortages, cost, transportation, and mistrust of healthcare providers and systems. Using community health workers (CHWs) may overcome these barriers, increase facilitators, and improve participation in screening for women in remote areas with limited access to clinical resources. Aim: To determine whether the accuracy of VI performed by CHWs was comparable to VI by physicians or nurses and to consider the affect components of provider training had on VI accuracy. Methods: A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of published literature reporting on VI accuracy, provider type, and training was conducted. Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, study quality, and publication bias assessments improved rigor and bivariate linear mixed modeling (BLMM) was used to determine the affect of predictors on accuracy. Unconditional and conditional BLMMs, controlling for VI technique, provider type, community, clinical setting, HIV status, and gynecological symptoms were considered. Results: Provider type was a significant predictor of sensitivity (p=.048) in the unconditional VI model. VI performed by CHWs was 15% more sensitive than physicians (p=.014). Provider type was not a significant predictor of accuracy in any other models. Didactic and mentored hours predicted sensitivity in both BLMMs. Quality assurance and use of a training manual predicted specificity in unconditional BLMMs, but was not significant in conditional models. Number of training days, with ≤5 being optimal, predicted sensitivity in both BLMMs and specificity in the unconditional model. Conclusion: Study results suggest that community based cervical cancer screening with VI conducted by CHWs can be as, if not more, accurate than VI performed by licensed providers. Locally based screening programs could increase access to screening for women in remote areas. Collaborative partnerships in “pragmatic solidarity” between healthcare systems, CHWs, and the community could promote participation in screening resulting in decreased cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2016
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004755
- Subject Headings
- Women--Health and hygiene., Cervix uteri--Cancer--Diagnosis., Cervix uteri--Cancer--Prevention., Medical screening., Medical care--Quality control., Community health services.
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Evaluation of speak for myself™ with patients who are voiceless.
- Creator
- Koszalinski, Rebecca S., Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Patients who are hospitalized and are without voice would like to participate in their care. This requires clear communication. Speak for Myself™ (SFM) was developed for use at the bedside so that communication may be facilitated between patient and nurse when the patient is voiceless. The objective of this study was to evaluate Speak for Myself™ at the bedside and to measure the outcomes. This was a mixed methods, one group pre-test-post-test, quasi-experimental study. Twenty adult patients...
Show morePatients who are hospitalized and are without voice would like to participate in their care. This requires clear communication. Speak for Myself™ (SFM) was developed for use at the bedside so that communication may be facilitated between patient and nurse when the patient is voiceless. The objective of this study was to evaluate Speak for Myself™ at the bedside and to measure the outcomes. This was a mixed methods, one group pre-test-post-test, quasi-experimental study. Twenty adult patients in three hospitals in South Florida agreed to use Speak for Myself™ during their acute care hospital stay (M = 8.86 hours). This group of participants (n = 20) ranged from 45 to 91 years old (males = 14; females = 6). Of the participants, 15 (75%) self-identified as European American, 2 (10%) self-identified as Hispanic, 2 (10%) self-identified as African American, and 1 (5%) self-identified as Asian. Ten of the participants (50%) were in respiratory failure. Two (10%) were receiving oxygenation measures related to unspecified complications of their illnesses. Of the remaining eight participants (40%), one each was receiving oxygenation measures due to atrial fibrillation, arteriosclerotic heart disease, cardiogenic shock, endocarditis, neck abscess, renal failure, status post seizure activity, and tongue metastasis.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004298
- Subject Headings
- Communication devices for people with disabilities, Nurse and patient, Nursing -- Practice, Nursing -- Research -- Methodology, Outcome assessment (Medical care), People with disabilities -- Means of communication
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Identifying descriptions of quality nursing care shared by nurse and patient in the acute care hospital environment.
- Creator
- Grimley, Karen A., Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Nursing care is considered a primary predictor of patient assessment of the overall hospital experience. Yet, quality nursing care remains difficult to define. Limited research about nurse or patient perspectives on what constitutes quality nursing care in hospital settings prevents the identification of a shared description or insight into their possible interrelationship. Research about nurse and patient descriptions is needed to establish behaviors, attributes, and activities associated...
Show moreNursing care is considered a primary predictor of patient assessment of the overall hospital experience. Yet, quality nursing care remains difficult to define. Limited research about nurse or patient perspectives on what constitutes quality nursing care in hospital settings prevents the identification of a shared description or insight into their possible interrelationship. Research about nurse and patient descriptions is needed to establish behaviors, attributes, and activities associated with quality nursing care to improve the health and well-being of hospitalized patients.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004375
- Subject Headings
- Nursing--Philosophy, Nurse and patient, Medical care--Quality control, Intensive care nursing--Quality control, Outcome assessment--Medical care, Total quality management, Evidence-based nursing.
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Recognizing Functional Decline in Persons with MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment).
- Creator
- Powers-Jarvis, Robin Story, Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Although not all persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) go on to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), MCI is recognized as an early stage of AD. The effects of AD are devastating to all concerned. Research has identified that recognition of AD in its earliest stages and institution of known treatment modalities can forestall the ultimate outcome. Identification of the first subtle signs of MCI can assist in the recognition of this prodromal phase, and allow for institution of therapy while...
Show moreAlthough not all persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) go on to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), MCI is recognized as an early stage of AD. The effects of AD are devastating to all concerned. Research has identified that recognition of AD in its earliest stages and institution of known treatment modalities can forestall the ultimate outcome. Identification of the first subtle signs of MCI can assist in the recognition of this prodromal phase, and allow for institution of therapy while still in the initial stages. Unfortunately, the development of MCI is insidious in nature, thus making it difficult to detect. The purpose of this study was to identify areas of functional decline that occur in MCI in an effort to improve its early identification. A mixed-methods design that combined qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Fifty-three participants with memory complaints were interviewed using a semi structured interview technique with open-ended questions, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and a list of eighty-five items previously identified as indicative of functional decline. Twenty-nine persons were divided into two groups: 1) those identified as probable MCI (consensus diagnosis) (n=15) and possible MCI (based on screening examination) (n=14) and 2) those identified as Normal (no cognitive impairment) (n=10), and their subjective functional deficits compared. The findings suggest that there were certain areas of functional decline more commonly experienced by persons in the MCI group than by unimpaired. These include difficulty recalling details of information and forgetting conversations. There were also other changes identified, such as adaptations on the part of persons with MCI (an increased dependence on memory aids, for example, lists and calendars) and a dec rease in social activities leading to an increase in social isolation. Additionally identified were functional activities that appear to remain intact in persons with early MCI. This study highlights the subtlety with which MCI assaults the functional abilities of individuals, thus making its early identification problematic. The results of this study will contribute by providing information that will help professionals who are assessing persons experiencing memory issues for the possible presence of MCI. Additionally, it is hoped that these findings will assist in the development of a measurement tool designed to assess for possible MCI.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004536
- Subject Headings
- Alzheimer's disease -- Diagnosis, Amnestic mild cognitive impairment -- Diagnosis, Dementia -- Diagnosis, Memory disorders in old age -- Diagnosis, Mild cognitive impairment -- Diagnosis
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Older Hispanics Explanatory Model of Depression.
- Creator
- Sadule-rios, Nohemi, Tappen, Ruth M., Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Researchers have reported a high prevalence of depression among older Hispanics in the United States when compared to other ethnic groups. Cultural variations in the perception of depression sometimes make it difficult to recognize the disorder resulting in older Hispanic patients not being diagnosed and not receiving appropriate treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore older Hispanics’ explanatory model of depression and identify culture-specific factors that may help in the...
Show moreResearchers have reported a high prevalence of depression among older Hispanics in the United States when compared to other ethnic groups. Cultural variations in the perception of depression sometimes make it difficult to recognize the disorder resulting in older Hispanic patients not being diagnosed and not receiving appropriate treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore older Hispanics’ explanatory model of depression and identify culture-specific factors that may help in the recognition and treatment of depression. A mixed-method design that combined qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Fifty participants were interviewed using Kleinman’s Explanatory Models ethnographic approach with a vignette variation, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Cross Cultural Measure of Acculturation (CCMA). The findings suggest that this group of older Hispanics did not recognize depression as an illness but rather as the result of life stressors and personal weaknesses. People who experience depressive symptoms were described as being crazy, bored, worried, or having a problem of the nerves. These culturally coded terms may confound diagnosis among many Hispanics who find depression an unacceptable and shameful condition. This cultural pattern seemed to prevail among low and high-acculturated individuals which may complicate the diagnosis of depression by health care providers. This study highlights the complexity and diversity of this group of older Hispanics’ conceptual model of depression. The results of this study will contribute to nursing care by providing additional information that will help professionals when working with Hispanic patients with depression. Findings expand our understanding of older Hispanics (high and low-acculturated, depressed and non-depressed) groups’ conceptualization of depression and can be used to inform the adaptation of culturally relevant approaches to better serve the Hispanic community in this country.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA0004055
- Subject Headings
- Depression in old age, Ethnopsychology, Hispanic Americans -- Mental health
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Rates and factors associated with falls in older European Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, African-Americans, and Hispanics.
- Creator
- Vieira, Edgar, Tappen, Ruth M., Engstrom, Gabriella, da Costa, Bruno
- Date Issued
- 2015-10
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FAUIR000193
- Format
- Citation
- Title
- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESILIENCE IN LATER LIFE IN THE U.S. AND NEPAL.
- Creator
- Neupane Poudel, Bandana, Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Resilience has been suggestive of successful aging. However, the resilience literature lacks a well-developed theoretical model of resilience in later life for diverse groups. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the resilience and its predictive factors in participants 60 years and older from the U.S. and Nepal. Secondary data from the Healthy Aging Research Initiative and newly collected data from Nepal were analyzed. Independent t-test using Welch’s test was used to assess...
Show moreResilience has been suggestive of successful aging. However, the resilience literature lacks a well-developed theoretical model of resilience in later life for diverse groups. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the resilience and its predictive factors in participants 60 years and older from the U.S. and Nepal. Secondary data from the Healthy Aging Research Initiative and newly collected data from Nepal were analyzed. Independent t-test using Welch’s test was used to assess the differences in resilience, functional activity, frailty, social support, personality, spirituality, physical health, and mental health of participants between the two countries. One-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of the groups using the Games-Howell post hoc test was conducted to assess the differences in resilience of participants across groups of ethnicities, frailty status, and religious attendance. Pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship of resilience with independent variables. Backward elimination regression was used to identify the predictive factors of resilience. The model fit for the constructed conceptual model in the study was tested by Structural equation modeling.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2021
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013800
- Subject Headings
- Resilience (Personality trait) in old age, Healthy Aging, Resilience (Personality trait)--Nepal, Resilience (Personality trait)--United States
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE MORAL COMFORT QUESTIONNAIRE AMONG HOSPITAL-BASED DIRECT-CARE REGISTERED NURSES.
- Creator
- Bermudez, Natalie, Tappen, Ruth M., Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
- Abstract/Description
-
Moral comfort, an emerging concept in nursing, is defined as an individual’s feelings of ease with decisions and actions related to a moral dilemma. Moral comfort for nurses is the positive outcome of a moral situation or dilemma, while moral distress, a widely explored issue in nursing, is the negative outcome. However, nursing literature on the concept of moral comfort is limited. While several instruments to measure moral distress exist, an instrument to measure moral comfort was not found...
Show moreMoral comfort, an emerging concept in nursing, is defined as an individual’s feelings of ease with decisions and actions related to a moral dilemma. Moral comfort for nurses is the positive outcome of a moral situation or dilemma, while moral distress, a widely explored issue in nursing, is the negative outcome. However, nursing literature on the concept of moral comfort is limited. While several instruments to measure moral distress exist, an instrument to measure moral comfort was not found. The Moral Comfort Questionnaire (MCQ) was theoretically developed. The purpose of this study was psychometric evaluation of this new 35-item instrument. Direct-care hospital-based registered nurses (n = 466) participated from February 2019 to September 2019 in this IRB-approved study. Participants completed demographic information, the MCQ, and the Moral Distress Scale revised (MDSR). Psychometric evaluation included a priori content validation and multiple statistical analyses: Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, weighted kappa, Bland- Altman analysis (B&A), discriminant validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Show less - Date Issued
- 2020
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013445
- Subject Headings
- Nurses, Nursing, Nursing--Moral and ethical aspects, Nursing ethics
- Format
- Document (PDF)