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Aggression and prosocial behavior predict changes in perceptions of friendship quality in primary and middle school students
Title
Aggression and prosocial behavior predict changes in perceptions of friendship quality in primary and middle school students.
Creator
Shawcross, Lauren, Laursen, Brett, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
This study examines whether aggression and prosocial behavior shape changes in perceptions of friendship quality within stable reciprocal best friend dyads. A longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to investigate whether individual characteristics predict changes 6 to 12 weeks later in perceptions of relationship support and negativity. The sample included 76 same-sex dyads drawn from classrooms in grades 4 (M = 9.48 years) through 6 (M= 11.43 years) in two public schools...
Show moreThis study examines whether aggression and prosocial behavior shape changes in perceptions of friendship quality within stable reciprocal best friend dyads. A longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to investigate whether individual characteristics predict changes 6 to 12 weeks later in perceptions of relationship support and negativity. The sample included 76 same-sex dyads drawn from classrooms in grades 4 (M = 9.48 years) through 6 (M= 11.43 years) in two public schools in the United States.
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Date Issued
2015
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004408, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004408
Subject Headings
Friendship in adolescence, Friendship in children, Interaction analysis in education, Interpersonal relations in adolescence, Interpersonal relations in children, Social perceptions in adolescence, Social perceptions in children, Social psychology, Social skills -- Study and teaching (Elementary), Social skills -- Study and teaching (Middle school)
Format
Document (PDF)
Approach, A voidance, and the Mouse Paradigm: An Examination of Wording and Relationships with Other Hedonic Constructs
Title
Approach, A voidance, and the Mouse Paradigm: An Examination of Wording and Relationships with Other Hedonic Constructs.
Creator
Saigal, Elizabeth Anne, Florida Atlantic University, Monson, Thomas C., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
The two principal areas of research addressed by this study were: a) further validation of Nowak and Vallacher's mouse paradigm, and b) comparison of literatures all theoretically derived from principles of hedonics. Validation of the mouse paradigm included examination of the instructional set and detection of individual differences in various hedonically derived measures of personality. The mouse instructions were framed in terms of approach ('less good ' versus ' more good') or in terms of...
Show moreThe two principal areas of research addressed by this study were: a) further validation of Nowak and Vallacher's mouse paradigm, and b) comparison of literatures all theoretically derived from principles of hedonics. Validation of the mouse paradigm included examination of the instructional set and detection of individual differences in various hedonically derived measures of personality. The mouse instructions were framed in terms of approach ('less good ' versus ' more good') or in terms of avoidance (' more bad' versus ' less bad ' ). Inclusion of inventories based on the principles of approach and avoidance allowed for examination of convergent and discriminant validity. The mouse procedure was able to differentiate self-esteem, self-stability, introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, and Strelau's Pavlovian mobility. Depending on the prime used, some differentiation was also seen with measures of attachment. Differentiation was not found with the mouse procedure for Strelau's Pavlovian measures of strength of excitation and strength of inhibition. Two factor analyses of the questionnaires used gave rise to conceptually positive and negative components. The positive component was related to self-esteem, self-stability, extraversion, strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, mobility, and inversely related to anxiety and neuroticism. The negative component positively loaded on neuroticism, avoidance, dismissing attachment, and fearful attachment, and negatively loaded on selfesteem, self-stability, and secure attachment. These components were compared with Vallacher and Nowak's hedonically based mouse paradigm measures. They were consistently found to correlate with distance under the approach prime and variability in distance under the avoidance prime. This suggests that individuals who score highly on conceptually positive constructs (approach temperaments) have more stable absolute attitudes whereas individuals who score higher on conceptually negative constructs (avoidance temperaments) have greater variability in attitude. The approach instructions initially gave rise to lower evaluation, more variability, and less time at rest than the avoidance instructions. This trend was reflected in the increase in correlations over time under the positive hedonic condition and a decrease in correlations with time under the negative hedonic condition. These results suggest a suppression effect with negative framing.
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Date Issued
2007
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000876
Subject Headings
Social psychology, Intimacy (Psychology), Attachment behavior, Object relations (Psychoanalysis)
Format
Document (PDF)
Attitude and valence dynamics in response to changes in perceived similarity vs. difference
Title
Attitude and valence dynamics in response to changes in perceived similarity vs. difference: implications for human conflict.
Creator
Michaels, Jay L., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Despite extensive research in conflict, relatively little is known about how psychological processes evolve over time in response to a dispute. The present research examines how cognitive and affective processes react to cooperative, competitive, or mixed cooperative-competitive interactions. Experimental predictions were derived from a model of two-actor interaction (Liebovitch, Naudot, Vallacher, Nowak, Bu--Wrzosinksa & Coleman, 2008). Specifically, it was expected that attitudes and...
Show moreDespite extensive research in conflict, relatively little is known about how psychological processes evolve over time in response to a dispute. The present research examines how cognitive and affective processes react to cooperative, competitive, or mixed cooperative-competitive interactions. Experimental predictions were derived from a model of two-actor interaction (Liebovitch, Naudot, Vallacher, Nowak, Bu--Wrzosinksa & Coleman, 2008). Specifically, it was expected that attitudes and emotional valence would exhibit stable dynamics when people encountered a neutral, continually cooperative, or continually competitive interaction. However, attitudes and emotional valence were expected to exhibit perturbation in response to transitions from cooperation to competition and vice-versa. These predictions were tested in four experiments. The first study verified most predictions, finding that people have little attitude or valence reaction to interactions that are neutral, continually coo perative or continually competitive. This study also established that people's attitudes are significantly unstable when faced with an interaction shifting from cooperation to competition, and this is experienced with negative emotions. However, interactions shifting from competition to cooperation resulted in stable attitudes and emotional valence. The remaining three experiments sought to explain the lack of psychological reaction to the development of cooperation in a previously competitive interaction. In Study 2, interaction expectancy was ruled out as a factor. Study 3 demonstrated that the reactivity to sudden competition and lack of reactivity to sudden cooperation developed regardless of interaction history. Finally, Study 4 offers evidence indicating that the lack of reaction to sudden cooperation results from factors other than the duration of cooperative feedback. The research has several important implications. First, the results provide evidence that competition is, not necessarily a key factor in promoting heightened psychological reaction in conflict. Rather, transitions between peace and conflict likely hold greater influence on psychological processes in disputes. Furthermore, the experimental evidence provides the first empirical test of the model predictions and offers insight into how the model may be improved. By combining experimental results with the model, the research provides much needed information about how mental dynamics unfold and differ in response to cooperation versus competition.
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Date Issued
2012
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3342236
Subject Headings
Conflict management, Collective behavior, Social psychology, Interpersonal relations, Emotional intelligence, Self-management (Psychology), Motivation (Psychology), Affect (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)
Changing cooperation to competition disrupts attitudes and valence
Title
Changing cooperation to competition disrupts attitudes and valence: first test of a dynamical model.
Creator
Michaels, Jay L., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
With the cessation of cooperation between groups or individuals comes the threat that temporary competition transforms into destructive intractable conflict. To better understand how intractable conflicts develop, Liebovitch, Naudot, Vallacher, Nowak, Bui-Wrzosinksa, and Coleman (2008) recently developed a non-linear model of two-actor cooperation-competition incorporating interaction feedback and valence. This study tested their model's predictions by investigating attitude and valence...
Show moreWith the cessation of cooperation between groups or individuals comes the threat that temporary competition transforms into destructive intractable conflict. To better understand how intractable conflicts develop, Liebovitch, Naudot, Vallacher, Nowak, Bui-Wrzosinksa, and Coleman (2008) recently developed a non-linear model of two-actor cooperation-competition incorporating interaction feedback and valence. This study tested their model's predictions by investigating attitude and valence change depending on whether a social exchange was cooperative or competitive. Participants experiencing an exchange that switched from cooperation to competition exhibited greater attitude change than participants in the control or the continuously competitive interaction condition and more valence change than the control or competition switching to cooperation condition. These results support the model's prediction that greater attitude and valence fluctuation manifests in interactions transitioning from cooperation to competition, providing the first verification of the model. These findings offer new insights into how human cooperation and competition evolve over time.
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Date Issued
2009
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/369196
Subject Headings
Conflict management, Power (Social sciences), Social psychology, Collective behavior, Interpersonal relations
Format
Document (PDF)
Childhood Stability and Adult Relationship Functioning
Title
Childhood Stability and Adult Relationship Functioning.
Creator
Szabolcsi, Vanessa, Maniaci, Michael, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
Previous research has demonstrated the harmful impacts of adverse childhood circumstances on adult romantic relationships. The current study examines the negative influence of childhood unpredictability on adult relationships and how this effect may be buffered and enhanced, respectively, by cognitive ability and Machiavellianism. A total of 256 participants completed measures of childhood unpredictability, Machiavellianism, cognitive ability, and relationship satisfaction. Individuals who...
Show morePrevious research has demonstrated the harmful impacts of adverse childhood circumstances on adult romantic relationships. The current study examines the negative influence of childhood unpredictability on adult relationships and how this effect may be buffered and enhanced, respectively, by cognitive ability and Machiavellianism. A total of 256 participants completed measures of childhood unpredictability, Machiavellianism, cognitive ability, and relationship satisfaction. Individuals who experienced childhood unpredictability reported lower adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Machiavellianism was found to significantly enhance the negative effects of childhood unpredictability on adult relationships for men only. Cognitive ability was not a significant moderator.
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Date Issued
2023
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014199
Subject Headings
Interpersonal relations, Social psychology, Machiavellianism (Psychology), Adverse Childhood Experiences
Format
Document (PDF)
Dynamic social impact in electronic juries: The emergence of subgroup clustering through small group communication
Title
Dynamic social impact in electronic juries: The emergence of subgroup clustering through small group communication.
Creator
Jackson, Craig Campbell, Florida Atlantic University, Latane, Bibb, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Testing a new theory of dynamic social influence, 39 mock juries in two studies deliberated student honor court cases by electronic mail. After reading about each case, participants sent and received messages to a spatially coherent or random subset of jurors on each of five sessions. Individuals appeared to take their role of juror seriously and were responsive to each others' arguments; one-third changed their verdicts after receiving two out of two opposing messages and just over half...
Show moreTesting a new theory of dynamic social influence, 39 mock juries in two studies deliberated student honor court cases by electronic mail. After reading about each case, participants sent and received messages to a spatially coherent or random subset of jurors on each of five sessions. Individuals appeared to take their role of juror seriously and were responsive to each others' arguments; one-third changed their verdicts after receiving two out of two opposing messages and just over half changed in the face of four of four opposing messages. Polarization toward the majority verdict was common in both studies; however, consistent with a key prediction of dynamic social impact theory, unanimity was suppressed among the spatial compared to random juries by the emergence of spatially distinct subgroups. Clustering and polarization were prevalent even among juries passing as few as two messages per juror each round, providing strong evidence that DSIT applies even to important issues.
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Date Issued
1995
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15230
Subject Headings
Social psychology, Small groups, Communication in small groups, Group decision making
Format
Document (PDF)
EFFECTIVENESS OF MEMES PREDICTED BY MORAL CONTENT AND AFFECTIVE POLARIZATION
Title
EFFECTIVENESS OF MEMES PREDICTED BY MORAL CONTENT AND AFFECTIVE POLARIZATION.
Creator
Thompson, Jordan L., Wetherell, Geoffrey, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
Memes have become a staple in political communication. However, the relationship between individuals’ political orientation, their level of affective polarization, the moral content of memes, and meme effectiveness is underexplored. I expected that polarized partisans would rate ingroup memes as more effective than outgroup memes. In line with moral foundations theory, I expected that polarized liberals would rate individualizing foundation memes as more effective than less polarized memes...
Show moreMemes have become a staple in political communication. However, the relationship between individuals’ political orientation, their level of affective polarization, the moral content of memes, and meme effectiveness is underexplored. I expected that polarized partisans would rate ingroup memes as more effective than outgroup memes. In line with moral foundations theory, I expected that polarized liberals would rate individualizing foundation memes as more effective than less polarized memes and that polarized conservatives would rate binding foundation memes as more effective than less polarized conservatives. Participants (N = 467) rated moral political memes for meme effectiveness. Results indicated that more polarized conservatives, but not liberals, rated ingroup memes as more effective than outgroup memes. Polarized liberals rated purity/sanctity as more effective than less polarized liberals. Polarized conservatives rated fairness/reciprocity plus the binding foundations memes as more effective than less polarized conservatives. These results indicate that polarized partisans react to memes differently.
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Date Issued
2023
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014316
Subject Headings
Memes, Political communication, Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
EMERGENCE OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIP CONSTRUALS: AN ACTION IDENTIFICATION APPROACH
Title
EMERGENCE OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIP CONSTRUALS: AN ACTION IDENTIFICATION APPROACH.
Creator
Cope, Morgan A., Maniaci, Michael R., Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
The current study examined the emergent nature of close relationship construals from the perspective of Action Identification Theory. Specifically, participants were induced to think about the actions of a romantic partner or close friend at a high- (i.e., overall meaning) or low- (concrete details) level, and then instructed to rate the validity of false feedback regarding the nature of their relationship (i.e., spontaneous, or predictable). Marginal support was found for the main prediction...
Show moreThe current study examined the emergent nature of close relationship construals from the perspective of Action Identification Theory. Specifically, participants were induced to think about the actions of a romantic partner or close friend at a high- (i.e., overall meaning) or low- (concrete details) level, and then instructed to rate the validity of false feedback regarding the nature of their relationship (i.e., spontaneous, or predictable). Marginal support was found for the main prediction that focusing on low level details rather than high-level meaning would lead individuals to rate false high-level relational construals as more valid, although this effect was found only for those reporting on a romantic relationship, but not a close friendship. Further, exploratory analyses examining potential interaction effects demonstrated the relative influence of partner concept-clarity and relationship satisfaction on patterns of psychological emergence.
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Date Issued
2021
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00013720
Subject Headings
Interpersonal relations, Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
Identifying meaningful types in daily life
Title
Identifying meaningful types in daily life.
Creator
Thompson, Brittany M., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Despite long-held recognition of the importance of situations in psychological understanding and analysis, current research is lacking in discernment of structurally important elements of situations as they relate to behavior (Funder et al., 2012). Using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ: Wagerman & Funder, 2009), an 89-item measure used to assess the psychological properties of situations, the major aim of this study was to identify a reliable set of categories or types of situations...
Show moreDespite long-held recognition of the importance of situations in psychological understanding and analysis, current research is lacking in discernment of structurally important elements of situations as they relate to behavior (Funder et al., 2012). Using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ: Wagerman & Funder, 2009), an 89-item measure used to assess the psychological properties of situations, the major aim of this study was to identify a reliable set of categories or types of situations that people experience every day. Data was collected online from a U.S. sample (N = 186). Participants were asked to recall details about a situation he or she experienced during the previous day (i.e. "What were you doing yesterday at this time?"). Participants were then asked to rate that situation using the RSQ. Inverse factor analyses revealed the following everyday situation types: 1) Social Closeness, 2) Obligatory, 3) Cognitive, 4) Enjoyable/Aesthetic, and 5) Anxiety Inducing.
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Date Issued
2013
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/3361252
Subject Headings
Conduct of life, Stress (Psychology), Social psychology, Interbehavioral psychology, Motivation (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
Title
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS.
Creator
Fortin, Michael, Vallacher, Robin, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
The goal of this study is to explore a novel concept of justice using allocations of outcomes and understanding the connection between those allocations and social cognitive variables. Justice is conceptualized through the lens of two opposing frames: consistency and compensatory. Participants assigned positive or negative outcomes to one of two hypothetical people, one person being depicted as “lucky”, the other as “unlucky.” A consistency sense of justice views justice as keeping the order...
Show moreThe goal of this study is to explore a novel concept of justice using allocations of outcomes and understanding the connection between those allocations and social cognitive variables. Justice is conceptualized through the lens of two opposing frames: consistency and compensatory. Participants assigned positive or negative outcomes to one of two hypothetical people, one person being depicted as “lucky”, the other as “unlucky.” A consistency sense of justice views justice as keeping the order of the world (positive with lucky), whereas a compensatory sense of justice understands it as a balancing act (positive with unlucky). ANOVA’s were ran and a single significant difference was found. In one condition, those whose had a consistency sense of justice had a significantly more internal locus of control than those who had a compensatory sense of justice. Further research will be needed to clarify why this difference did not emerge for all allocations.
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Date Issued
2023
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014266
Subject Headings
Justice, Fairness, Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
Perspective-Taking in Evaluating Conflict
Title
Perspective-Taking in Evaluating Conflict.
Creator
White, Elizabeth Courtney, Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Conflicts between groups are affected by myriad historical and situational factors. Yet people are rarely overwhelmed by this complexity and are able to adopt a coherent depiction of the conflict, often with an unequivocal allocation of blame to one group. A person's final judgment tells only a fraction of the story. To uncover the whole story, numerous factors must be considered. Two such factors are whether the person harbors implicit prejudice toward an involved group and whether the way...
Show moreConflicts between groups are affected by myriad historical and situational factors. Yet people are rarely overwhelmed by this complexity and are able to adopt a coherent depiction of the conflict, often with an unequivocal allocation of blame to one group. A person's final judgment tells only a fraction of the story. To uncover the whole story, numerous factors must be considered. Two such factors are whether the person harbors implicit prejudice toward an involved group and whether the way in which relevant information is presented will allow for the emergence of perspective-taking and provide insight into the conflict that will aid third-party observes in making a coherent end judgment. This research explored the role of anti-Muslim prejudice and perspectivetaking in allocating blame for an ambiguous conflict between two groups that differed only on the dimension of religion (Muslim vs. Christian). Participants completed two measures of prejudice-an anti-Muslim Implicit Association Test and an explicit antiMuslim prejudice questionnaire. Participants then viewed one of two versions of a filmed conflict scene. While both films were identical in content, the order of their contents was reversed (conflict first vs. history first). Participants were then asked to allocate blame for the conflict to one group over the other. Following this judgment of blame, participants recorded their thoughts and feelings regarding this judgment into an audio recorder. These recordings were then played back while they used the Mouse Paradigm to express the feelings portrayed in their recordings. Results indicated no relationship between explicit prejudice and allocation of blame. Implicit prejudice scores were strongly related to allocation of blame, with increases in IAT scores positively correlating with blame of the Muslim group. Results also suggested a link between performance on the lA T and the Mouse Paradigm. More specifically, the results suggest that IAT performance may predict performance on the Mouse Paradigm. Additional results provided by the Mouse Paradigm provided insight into the deliberative processes taking place during the allocation of blame. Future research should explore the link between lA T scores and Mouse Paradigm performance and should be extended to include other forms of the lAT.
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Date Issued
2008
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000884
Subject Headings
Social psychology, Influence (Psychology), Persuasion (Psychology), Stereotype (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)
PREFERENCE FOR NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN EVALUATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY VIOLATION APPEALS
Title
PREFERENCE FOR NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN EVALUATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY VIOLATION APPEALS.
Creator
Olson, Lauren, Nowak, Andrzej, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science
Abstract/Description
Social influence is sought to distribute information processing for decision-making when data is limited. Undergraduate students selected information with normative or informational wording to supplement a fabricated academic integrity appeal from their university and decided whether to affirm the charge. A novel measure, the Adaptive Scale of Preference for Normative Versus Informational Social Influence (ASPNVISI), was piloted in comparison with a Polish scale of influence preference,...
Show moreSocial influence is sought to distribute information processing for decision-making when data is limited. Undergraduate students selected information with normative or informational wording to supplement a fabricated academic integrity appeal from their university and decided whether to affirm the charge. A novel measure, the Adaptive Scale of Preference for Normative Versus Informational Social Influence (ASPNVISI), was piloted in comparison with a Polish scale of influence preference, individual difference measures in motivation (e.g., Need for Closure), and behavioral measures of influence-seeking. Results did not support the hypotheses that psychological needs would predict behavioral social influence preferences, though Need for Cognition and Need to Belong predicted self-reported preferences. The ASPNVISI was correlated with the existing scale of influence preference, providing support for its continued development. Contrary to the hypothesis, confidence in the decision on a charge of academic dishonesty was not related to selected influence; race and conservatism were related to confidence, and gender to the selections. Next steps include further pilot testing of the ASPNVISI and expansion of the behavioral task.
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Date Issued
2023
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00014333
Subject Headings
Social influence, Decision making, Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
Remembering the future: individual differences in metacognitive representation predict prospective memory performance on time-baseed [sic] and event-based tasks in early childhood
Title
Remembering the future: individual differences in metacognitive representation predict prospective memory performance on time-baseed [sic] and event-based tasks in early childhood.
Creator
Causey, Kayla B., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Prospective memory is remembering to perform an action in the future, such as attending a meeting (a time-based task) or picking up milk at the gas station (an eventbased task), and is crucial to achieving goal-directed activities in everyday life. Children who fail to develop prospective memory abilities are likely to experience difficulties interacting with parents, teachers, and peers. To date, research on prospective memory development has been primarily descriptive or focused on...
Show moreProspective memory is remembering to perform an action in the future, such as attending a meeting (a time-based task) or picking up milk at the gas station (an eventbased task), and is crucial to achieving goal-directed activities in everyday life. Children who fail to develop prospective memory abilities are likely to experience difficulties interacting with parents, teachers, and peers. To date, research on prospective memory development has been primarily descriptive or focused on underlying executive functioning. This dissertation investigated the developmental relationship between metacognitive representation and prospective memory in preschool and elementary school children and adults. Findings from Study 1 indicated that individual differences in representational ability independently predicted individual differences in 3-year-olds' performance on event-based tasks that are of low-interest. Qualitative changes are important to consider when modeling prospective memory develop ment, as with episodic memory. Study 2 presents findings based on a study using the CyberCruiser 2.0, an Xbox-style racing game designed to assess time-based prospective memory. This study confirmed that kindergarten children are capable of completing this time-based prospective memory task but revealed that performance improved with age. Between kindergarten and 2nd grade, children become better aware of their own mental processes and abilities, allowing them to adjust their strategies and perform more comparable to adults. As a result, in this study, younger children tended to overestimate their prospective memory abilities and were less likely to monitor passing time, causing them to fail more time-based task trials than older children and adults., Similarly, participants who underestimated the costs of prospective memory failed more time-based tasks relative to those who more accurately assessed these costs. Although this latter relationship was limited to adults, it suggests that a poor metacognitive understanding of the costs of prospective memory may result in missed opportunities to carry out a delayed intention if individuals fail to allocate attentional resources appropriately. These findings have theoretical implications for models of prospective memory and development. Practical implications for educating children are also discussed.
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Date Issued
2010
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/2974431
Subject Headings
Metacognition, Memory, Pyschological aspects, Social psychology, Cognition in children
Format
Document (PDF)
Self-evaluation of social ability: An action identification analysis
Title
Self-evaluation of social ability: An action identification analysis.
Creator
Kingree, Jeffrey Brooks, Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
A critical discrepancy in the self-evaluation literature concerns whether self-uncertainty leads to accurate or biased self-evaluations. After discussing the prior research which has rendered this discrepancy, I propose an experiment to reach a resolution to the discrepancy. Principles of action identification theory are used in proposing that the link between self-uncertainty and self-evaluation is moderated by the amount of evaluative threat inherent to the situation in which the self...
Show moreA critical discrepancy in the self-evaluation literature concerns whether self-uncertainty leads to accurate or biased self-evaluations. After discussing the prior research which has rendered this discrepancy, I propose an experiment to reach a resolution to the discrepancy. Principles of action identification theory are used in proposing that the link between self-uncertainty and self-evaluation is moderated by the amount of evaluative threat inherent to the situation in which the self-evaluation is taking place. The experiment established that subjects who are induced to identify their actions in low level terms are more likely to exhibit biases when pursuing self-evaluations of their social ability, with the biases manifested in these subjects' preferences to be evaluated in non-diagnostic ways. The implications of this general finding and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Date Issued
1991
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14728
Subject Headings
Intentionalism, Self, Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
The development of anonymous giving in relation to ownership understanding, theory of mind, empathy, and differences in relatedness
Title
The development of anonymous giving in relation to ownership understanding, theory of mind, empathy, and differences in relatedness.
Creator
Machluf, Karin, Bjorklund, David F., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Prosocial behavior can be defined as any behavior that an individual engages in to benefit another (Eisenberg, Fabes, & Spinrad, 2006). Prosociality is not one homogenous trait, however, but is made up of three specific types of behavior: helping, cooperating, and sharing (or, more accurately, donating) (Tomasello, 2009). Although helping and cooperating are important to understanding prosocial development, giving behaviors might be particularly informative when trying to understand...
Show moreProsocial behavior can be defined as any behavior that an individual engages in to benefit another (Eisenberg, Fabes, & Spinrad, 2006). Prosociality is not one homogenous trait, however, but is made up of three specific types of behavior: helping, cooperating, and sharing (or, more accurately, donating) (Tomasello, 2009). Although helping and cooperating are important to understanding prosocial development, giving behaviors might be particularly informative when trying to understand prosociality in young children as it poses a distinct problem for younger children (Tomasello, 1998). Research on proximate causes of prosocial behavior state that these behaviors are influenced by emotions of empathy (Batson, 1991), theory of mind, or understanding of social norms of ownership (Blake & Rand, 2010). Research on more ultimate causes of prosociality suggest that these behaviors evolved due to mechanisms or kin selection (Hamilton, 1964) and inclusive fitness (Trivers, 1971), and is evident by the effect of social category and relatedness on donations in resource- allocation games (Gummerum et al., 2009). Research with children using resource- allocations games, such as the dictator game, are sparse, but typically find that children donate more as they get older, and that out-group receive fewer allocations than in-group members (Moore, 2009). This research also highlight the importance of anonymity and its effect on prosociality. When tested using an anonymous design, children donate less and some children don’t donate at all (Benenson et al., 2007). Using an anonymous dictator game, children’s giving behaviors were examined across in- group, out-group, and family members. Thirty-five children (12 3-year-olds (7 male), 13 4-year-olds (8 male), and 10 5-year-olds (7 male) completed the experiment. Each child participated in each condition, as well as measures of theory of mind and ownership understanding. Children’s empathy scores were attained from a parent questionnaire regarding children’s empathic behaviors. Results revealed that some children did not donate any stickers at all; seven in total, and that these children differed significantly from those that gave on measures of empathy. Of those that donated, 3-year-old children donated significantly more than 5-year-old children (F(1,3) =3.64, p < .05). This is contrary to previous findings which find that giving increases across age., The was no main effect for Recipient, and no significant interaction between Age and Recipient. Five-year-olds scored significantly higher on measures of ownership understanding (F(2, 25) = 4.36, p< .05), suggesting that understanding of social norms of ownership may be partially responsible for their decrease in overall giving.
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Date Issued
2014
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004213
Subject Headings
Altruism, Analysis (Philosophy), Ego (Psychology), Helping behavior, Identity (Philosophical concept), Motivation (Psychology), Social psychology
Format
Document (PDF)
What's so fair about the status quo?
Title
What's so fair about the status quo?: examining fairness criteria as moderators of system justification.
Creator
Martens, Nicholas J., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
System justification theorists have proposed that people are motivated to view their political, economic, and social circumstances as desirable, necessary, and fair (e.g., Jost, Nosek & Banaji, 2004). Despite more than 15 years of system justification research, the meaning of fairness within this context has not been investigated directly. Over the past several decades three major criteria have been identified as contributing to people's perceptions of fairness: distributive justice,...
Show moreSystem justification theorists have proposed that people are motivated to view their political, economic, and social circumstances as desirable, necessary, and fair (e.g., Jost, Nosek & Banaji, 2004). Despite more than 15 years of system justification research, the meaning of fairness within this context has not been investigated directly. Over the past several decades three major criteria have been identified as contributing to people's perceptions of fairness: distributive justice, procedural justice, and one's own idiosyncratic set of personal values. Focusing on the last two, we reasoned that values are represented more abstractly than is information about procedural fairness, and that the relative weight of values versus procedures should increase at higher levels of mental construal. Whereas information about procedures is often seen as providing a basis for the acceptance of undesirable outcomes, judgments based on personal conceptions of right and wrong are considered to be independent from "establishment, convention, rules, or authority" (Skitka & Mullen, 2008, p. 531), and are therefore unlikely to be used in a motivated defense of the status quo. We therefore hypothesized that system justification would be most likely to occur in conditions where procedures are most salient (i.e., at low levels of construal). However, despite using manipulations of the system justification motive that have previously been successful, and working with issues similar to those used in previous work, we were unable to produce the typical system justification pattern of results. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Date Issued
2011
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3171722
Subject Headings
Social psychology, Social interaction, Justice (Philosophy), Social justice, Control (Psychology), Affect (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)