Current Search: Department of Psychology (x) » Sex differences (Psychology) (x)
View All Items
- Title
- Another look at gender identity in preadolescence.
- Creator
- Perle, Jonathan., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
This thesis examined relations of multiple dimensions of gender identity same gender typicality, other-gender typicality, gender contentedness, gender oppression, felt pressure to conform, and gender centrality) to children's adjustment (global self-worth, narcissism, depression, internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and prosocial behaviors. Participants were 237 fourth through eighth graders (108 males, 129 females; M[underscore] age = 11 years, 4 months). Each measure of gender...
Show moreThis thesis examined relations of multiple dimensions of gender identity same gender typicality, other-gender typicality, gender contentedness, gender oppression, felt pressure to conform, and gender centrality) to children's adjustment (global self-worth, narcissism, depression, internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and prosocial behaviors. Participants were 237 fourth through eighth graders (108 males, 129 females; M[underscore] age = 11 years, 4 months). Each measure of gender identity related to children's adjustment in a unique way. Findings also showed gender centrality to moderate relations of other gender identity variables to adjustment, suggesting that how central gender is to a child influences the impact of other gender self-appraisals on the child's development and adjustment.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2008
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/58008
- Subject Headings
- Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Gender identity, Sex differences (Psychology), Self-esteem in adolescence
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Dimensions of sexist beliefs and psychosocial adjustment in childhood.
- Creator
- Bidmead, Sarah, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The levels of 3 dimensions of sexism and 13 measures of psychosocial adjustment were assessed in 236 children in grades 4 through 8. The adjustment measures were factor analyzed to produce 5 adjustment factors. Analysis revealed that one of the factors, peer-reported prosocial tendencies, was moderately and negatively correlated with two of three measures of sexism. This effect was more pronounced for girls than for boys. Another factor, body self-esteem, was negatively correlated with one of...
Show moreThe levels of 3 dimensions of sexism and 13 measures of psychosocial adjustment were assessed in 236 children in grades 4 through 8. The adjustment measures were factor analyzed to produce 5 adjustment factors. Analysis revealed that one of the factors, peer-reported prosocial tendencies, was moderately and negatively correlated with two of three measures of sexism. This effect was more pronounced for girls than for boys. Another factor, body self-esteem, was negatively correlated with one of the measures of sexism for girls. The findings are congruent with the view that traditionally sexist ideology may detrimentally impact children's psychosocial adjustment.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2009
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/186674
- Subject Headings
- Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Sex role in chldren, Body image, Social aspects
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Direct and indirect aggression: Does choice of strategy depend on gender?.
- Creator
- Lago, Tania, Florida Atlantic University, Richardson, Deborah R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Research on aggression suggests that males are more likely to be directly aggressive, whereas females are more likely to be indirectly aggressive. The present study examined the relationship of gender of aggressor and gender of target to the expression of direct and indirect aggression. Behavioral and self-report measures of direct and indirect aggression were obtained from 112 undergraduate students. Participants made more indirect than direct responses under low levels of provocation and...
Show moreResearch on aggression suggests that males are more likely to be directly aggressive, whereas females are more likely to be indirectly aggressive. The present study examined the relationship of gender of aggressor and gender of target to the expression of direct and indirect aggression. Behavioral and self-report measures of direct and indirect aggression were obtained from 112 undergraduate students. Participants made more indirect than direct responses under low levels of provocation and more direct than indirect responses under high levels of provocation. Males were the target of more direct responses than indirect responses. Males reported engaging in more direct than indirect aggression with males than with females. Females reported engaging in more indirect aggression with females than with males. Explanations consider the effects of the situational context on aggressive responding.
Show less - Date Issued
- 1996
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15257
- Subject Headings
- Aggressiveness, Sex differences (Psychology)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Gender self-discrepancies in middle childhood: influences on children’s personal and social adjustment.
- Creator
- Cooper, Patrick J., Perry, David G., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
A self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195)...
Show moreA self-discrepancy is a cognitive incompatibility between a conception of the desired self and the perception of the actual self (Higgins, 1987; Rogers & Dymond, 1954). The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the effects of gender self-discrepancies on the personal and social adjustment of preadolescent children. I propose that gender-related stereotypes and self-appraisals can be examined within a self-discrepancy framework. Preadolescent children (N=195) completed a variety of self- and peer-report questionnaires in the fall and spring of the school year. Children reported gender stereotypes and self-appraisals for four attributes (body image, athletics, dominance, and popularity). Measures of gender identity and of adjustment were also collected. Results suggested that children who possess a gender self discrepancy are at risk for maladjustment, especially internalizing difficulties and victimization by both girls and boys.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004187
- Subject Headings
- Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence, Self actualization (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology)
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Gender, sports, and adjustment in preadolescent children.
- Creator
- Cooper, Patrick J., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys...
Show moreThe fact that 45% of boys and 32% of girls in the United States participate in youth sports suggests that sports participation might be an important influence on children's psychosocial development. This study explored: (1) how children's gender cognitions influence sports self-efficacy and (2) how sports self-efficacy influences children's psychosocial adjustment. Results suggest that for boys, felt pressure to conform to gender standards and the belief that sports is important for boys influence sports self-efficacy. In girls, both the belief that sports is important for girls and the belief that sports is important for boys predicted sports self-efficacy. Sports self-efficacy predicted benefits for girls adjustment (high self-esteem, higher body satisfaction, lower depression and lower anxiety) but both positive and negative outcomes for boys (higher narcissism, higher aggression, and lower depression and lower anxiety). The findings overall suggest that the correlates of sports self-efficacy are somewhat different for boys and for girls.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2010
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/1927605
- Subject Headings
- Physical education and training, Psychological aspects, Sports, Psychological aspects, Adjustment (Psychology) in children, Sex differences (Psychology), Gender identity, Identity (Psychology) in adolescence
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Narcissism, perceptions of peer relationships, and target-specific aggression in middle childhood.
- Creator
- Anderson, Chelsie., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
This study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's...
Show moreThis study examined how narcissism affects preadolescent children's choices of peer targets for aggression. Based on the idea that narcissists have a grandiose sense of self that requires nourishment, we hypothesized that narcissistic children are especially likely to attack peers who threaten, or fail to nourish, their grandiose self. We assessed narcissism and the degree to which each child's aggression toward peers depended on (a) the child's perceived liking by each peer, (b) the child's liking of each peer, (c) each peer's actual liking of the child, and (d) the child's perceived similarity to each peer. Participants were 197 children in the fourth through eighth grades at a university school. Narcissism predicted the four types of target-specific aggression in disparate ways for boys and girls. Narcissistic boys were especially likely to direct aggression toward male peers whom (a) they perceived as disliking them, (b) they disliked, and (c) they perceived as dissimilar to themselves. Narcissistic girls were especially likely to attack female peers whom they perceived as similar to themselves. Narcissism may enhance different motives for boys and girls in same-sex peer relatinships. We propose that narcissism enhances investment in status and rivalry amoung girls while enhancing the motive to attack dissimilar peers among boys.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3356886
- Subject Headings
- Identity (Psychology) in children, Adjustment (Psychology), Sex differences (Psychology), Affect (Psychology), Aggressiveness, Narcissism, Philosophy, Interpersonal relations in children, Social interaction in children, Self-esteem in children
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Women’s Plasticity During Childhood and their Influence on Rape-Avoidance Behaviors.
- Creator
- Penaloza, Sammy, Bjorklund, David F., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Evolutionary theory predicts that sexual coercion and rape are likely to occur in any species in which males are more aggressive, more eager to mate, more sexually assertive, and less discriminating in choosing a mate (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000). McKibbin and Shackelford (2011) state that males of many species have evolved strategies to sexually coerce and rape females. It is for this reason that researchers have speculated that several female traits or behaviors evolved to reduce the risks of...
Show moreEvolutionary theory predicts that sexual coercion and rape are likely to occur in any species in which males are more aggressive, more eager to mate, more sexually assertive, and less discriminating in choosing a mate (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000). McKibbin and Shackelford (2011) state that males of many species have evolved strategies to sexually coerce and rape females. It is for this reason that researchers have speculated that several female traits or behaviors evolved to reduce the risks of being raped (McKibbin & Shackelford, 2011). The rationale behind the proposed experiment examined whether parents’ childrearing practices and women’s plasticity during childhood may have influenced the development of psychological mechanisms in response to the recurrent adaptive problem of rape. Analyses showed that maternal support during childhood predicted how frequently rape-avoidance behaviors were exhibited by women as adults. Analyses also showed that father absence was related to earlier sexual activity but age of menarche did not predict and was not associated with any rape-avoidance behaviors.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2016
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004784
- Subject Headings
- Rape--Psychological aspects., Rape victims--Public opinion., Women--Violence against., Men--Sexual behavior., Men--Attitudes., Human behavior., Sex differences (Psychology), Evolutionary psychology.
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- Title
- Women's rape avoidance: an evolutionary psychological perspective.
- Creator
- McKibbin, William F., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Women have recurrently faced the adaptive problem of rape over evolutionary history. Little research has investigated the potential evolved psychological mechanisms for rape avoidance that women may possess. Here I review evolutionary perspectives on rape avoidance. I follow this review with the results of two studies conducted to design a measure of women's rape avoidance, known as the Rape Avoidance Inventory (RAI). Study 1A included 99 women who self-reported acts they do or might do...
Show moreWomen have recurrently faced the adaptive problem of rape over evolutionary history. Little research has investigated the potential evolved psychological mechanisms for rape avoidance that women may possess. Here I review evolutionary perspectives on rape avoidance. I follow this review with the results of two studies conducted to design a measure of women's rape avoidance, known as the Rape Avoidance Inventory (RAI). Study 1A included 99 women who self-reported acts they do or might do specifically to avoid being raped. Study 1B included 144 women who filled out a preliminary inventory of rape avoidance behaviors. I used their responses to construct the RAI. In Study 3, I develop and test a number of hypotheses derived from evolutionary psychological theory, using data derived from the sample of women in Study 1B. I conclude by discussing limitations and possible future directions for rape avoidance research.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2010
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/1927315
- Subject Headings
- Rape, Psychological aspects, Sex differences (Psychology), Women, Violence against, Rape victims, Public opinion, Man-woman relationships, Evolutionary psychology
- Format
- Document (PDF)