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The Effects of Competition on Empathy and Prosociality
Title
The Effects of Competition on Empathy and Prosociality.
Creator
Gilad, Corinne, Maniaci, Michael, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
The current research investigated the effects of competition on empathy and prosociality in two studies. Study 1 aimed to explore associations between competition and prosociality by asking participants to play a computer puzzle game that was either high or low on competitiveness, and then to complete measures of empathy, perspective taking, compassionate love and willingness to sacrifice for a romantic partner. Study 1 found a marginally significant difference across conditions for...
Show moreThe current research investigated the effects of competition on empathy and prosociality in two studies. Study 1 aimed to explore associations between competition and prosociality by asking participants to play a computer puzzle game that was either high or low on competitiveness, and then to complete measures of empathy, perspective taking, compassionate love and willingness to sacrifice for a romantic partner. Study 1 found a marginally significant difference across conditions for perspective taking, a marginally significant gender interaction for perspective taking, and a significant gender by condition interaction for compassionate love, in support of hypotheses that competition reduces prosocial responses in men. Study 2 addressed methodological limitations from Study 1 and examined the effect across a broader range of relationship contexts, including close friends. Results for Study 2 did not replicate the marginally significant effect for perspective taking seen in Study 1, but found a significant interaction between gender and condition predicting perspective taking. Significant findings in line with prior research emerged for dominance and commitment, indicating that higher dominance and lower commitment were associated with less empathy and prosociality. Overall, results do not consistently support the hypothesized effect of competitive situations on prosocial and empathic behavior, although results of exploratory analyses suggest potential moderated or conditional effects.
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Date Issued
2017
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004822, http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004822
Subject Headings
Competition--Psychological aspects., Empathy., Social values., Identity (Philosophical concept), Motivation (Psychology)
Format
Document (PDF)
Female Directed Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective
Title
Female Directed Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective.
Creator
Starratt, Valerie G., Florida Atlantic University, Shackelford, Todd K., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description
Over human evolutionary history, men faced the adaptive problem of cuckoldry, or the unwitting investment in genetically unrelated offspring. As cuckoldry is potentially so reproductively costly, men may have evolved anti-cuckoldry psychological adaptations. Sexual coercion has been hypothesized as one class of anti-cuckoldry behaviors. By sexually coercing an intimate partner, a man may reduce the risk of cuckoldry by placing his sperm in competition with a rival male's spenn, should his...
Show moreOver human evolutionary history, men faced the adaptive problem of cuckoldry, or the unwitting investment in genetically unrelated offspring. As cuckoldry is potentially so reproductively costly, men may have evolved anti-cuckoldry psychological adaptations. Sexual coercion has been hypothesized as one class of anti-cuckoldry behaviors. By sexually coercing an intimate partner, a man may reduce the risk of cuckoldry by placing his sperm in competition with a rival male's spenn, should his partner have been sexually unfaithful. I will present three studies that investigate the role of female infidelity, an assessment of risk of spenn competition and subsequent cuckoldry, in predicting male sexual coercion in the context of an intimate relationship.
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Date Issued
2008
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000879
Subject Headings
Sex roles, Behavior (Psychology)--Social aspects, Violence in men, Man-woman relationships, Sperm competition
Format
Document (PDF)
Mate retention and copulation frequency in humans: Complementary anti-cuckoldry tactics
Title
Mate retention and copulation frequency in humans: Complementary anti-cuckoldry tactics.
Creator
Guta, Faith E., Florida Atlantic University, Shackelford, Todd K.
Abstract/Description
Guarding oneself from cuckoldry can be a challenging task for males of socially monogamous species. Accordingly, human males may possess evolved psychological mechanisms designed to prevent their partner's infidelity, and to "correct" that infidelity if it occurs. Because preventative tactics are not failsafe, I hypothesized that men's reports of their mate-retention behaviors and copulation frequency would function as complimentary tactics (Study 1). Research has suggested that men's reports...
Show moreGuarding oneself from cuckoldry can be a challenging task for males of socially monogamous species. Accordingly, human males may possess evolved psychological mechanisms designed to prevent their partner's infidelity, and to "correct" that infidelity if it occurs. Because preventative tactics are not failsafe, I hypothesized that men's reports of their mate-retention behaviors and copulation frequency would function as complimentary tactics (Study 1). Research has suggested that men's reports of their own anti-cuckoldry behaviors can be flawed, and that women may be more accurate. Therefore, Study 2 analyzed reports made by women of copulation frequency and their partner's mate-retention behaviors. In the two studies, the hypotheses that (1) men's reports of copulation frequency and their own mate-retention behaviors and (2) women's reports of copulation frequency and their partner's mate-retention behaviors would show positive correlations was supported. Discussion focuses on the use of copulation frequency and mate-retention behaviors as complimentary tactics in solving the adaptive problems of sperm competition and cuckoldry.
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Date Issued
2005
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/13277
Subject Headings
Man-woman relationships, Human behavior, Adultery, Commitment (Psychology), Sperm competition
Format
Document (PDF)
One yard shy of empowerment
Title
One yard shy of empowerment: cinematic portrayals of female athletes.
Creator
Lieberman, Vividiana., Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters, Center for Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies
Abstract/Description
Sports are a primary zone of masculinity and sports films are a popular genre. One is hard pressed to find many leading female roles as athletes in male-dominated sports storylines. The cinematic portrayal of women athletes represents social attitudes and values and whether or not the women's movement has been able to influence representations and, concomitantly, social understandings of women and athleticism. My discussion of films featuring female athletes begins with National Velvet (1944)...
Show moreSports are a primary zone of masculinity and sports films are a popular genre. One is hard pressed to find many leading female roles as athletes in male-dominated sports storylines. The cinematic portrayal of women athletes represents social attitudes and values and whether or not the women's movement has been able to influence representations and, concomitantly, social understandings of women and athleticism. My discussion of films featuring female athletes begins with National Velvet (1944) and ends with Whip It (2008). By examining select sports films centered on all female teams, co-ed teams and individual female athletes, I show how their storylines and resolutions do or do not capitulate to patriarchal ideology. I find a general capitulation, with some concessions to women's equality. I conclude with a call for a degendering of sports and a redefinition of strength, competitiveness and aggression as human, not masculine.
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Date Issued
2012
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/FAU/3342205
Subject Headings
Women athletes, Feminism and sports, Competition (Psychology), Minorities in motion pictures, Sex discrimination against women
Format
Document (PDF)