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Title: Emergence and maintenance in impression formation.
Creator: Weider, Alan Warren, Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R.
Abstract/Description: Impression formation has in the past always been viewed as an instantaneous one time event. In this experiment impression formation was viewed as a process occurring over time. Subjects received descriptions of a hypothetical individual and then gave trait judgments indicating how they perceived this person. Subjects continued to receive information and make judgments through ten successive trials. Correlations were performed between seven major variables evaluated over the course of the...
Show moreImpression formation has in the past always been viewed as an instantaneous one time event. In this experiment impression formation was viewed as a process occurring over time. Subjects received descriptions of a hypothetical individual and then gave trait judgments indicating how they perceived this person. Subjects continued to receive information and make judgments through ten successive trials. Correlations were performed between seven major variables evaluated over the course of the trials. Results showed that the major work of impression formation occurs early in the process and that less is accomplished as time goes on. It was also found that an information processing point of view accommodated much of the results quite nicely.
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Date Issued: 1993
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14926
Subject Headings: Human information processing
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Thinking about sexual behavior: Action identification and sex education.
Creator: Busenbarrick, Elizabeth F., Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R.
Abstract/Description: Action identification theory asserts that people undertake action with a particular identity for what they are doing, and that this identity is resistant to change. Emergence of a new understanding of action occurs when the person thinks about some detail of the action and is then exposed to a new higher level identity for the act. To test the emergence hypothesis with respect to sexual behavior, subjects were asked to think about having sex and list either the high level aspects (i.e.,...
Show moreAction identification theory asserts that people undertake action with a particular identity for what they are doing, and that this identity is resistant to change. Emergence of a new understanding of action occurs when the person thinks about some detail of the action and is then exposed to a new higher level identity for the act. To test the emergence hypothesis with respect to sexual behavior, subjects were asked to think about having sex and list either the high level aspects (i.e., consequences and implications of having sex) or lower level aspects (i.e., details of having sex). Subjects then read an article identifying sex as responsible behavior or physical pleasure. As predicted, subjects induced to think about the act of having sex in terms of its details expressed their cognitive representation of the act in a way which conformed with the target emergent identity (pleasure or responsibility) to which they were exposed.
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Date Issued: 1989
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14557
Subject Headings: Sex (Psychology), Intentionalism, Sex, Sex instruction
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: The consequences of disbelief in free will: diminished morality or enhanced conformity?.
Creator: Trager, Bradley M., Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Diminished belief in free will has been shown to influence morally relevant behavior (e.g., cheating, helping) and conformity. What happens when opportunities for immoral action and conformity are both available? To investigate the relative salience of these action tendencies, we manipulated participants’ belief in free will, provided them an opportunity to cheat on a perceptual-reasoning task to obtain a reward, and exposed them to a confederate who did or did not cheat on this task....
Show moreDiminished belief in free will has been shown to influence morally relevant behavior (e.g., cheating, helping) and conformity. What happens when opportunities for immoral action and conformity are both available? To investigate the relative salience of these action tendencies, we manipulated participants’ belief in free will, provided them an opportunity to cheat on a perceptual-reasoning task to obtain a reward, and exposed them to a confederate who did or did not cheat on this task. Participants primed with deterministic (vs. free will) beliefs demonstrated diminished belief in free will, and an increased tendency to cheat regardless of whether the confederate modeled cheating or not cheating. Cheating tendencies were enhanced, however, when the confederate cheated on the task. Discussion centers on the psychological effects of belief versus disbelief in free will and on the methodological challenges associated with research on free will.
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Date Issued: 2013
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004259
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Loneliness and Emotion Recognition: A Dynamical Description.
Creator: Stoehr, Michele, Vallacher, Robin R., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Loneliness – the feeling that manifests when one perceives one’s social needs are not being met by the quantity or especially the quality of one’s social relationships – is a common but typically short-lived and fairly harmless experience. However, recent research continues to uncover a variety of alarming health effects associated with longterm loneliness. The present study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying how persons scoring high in trait loneliness perceive their social...
Show moreLoneliness – the feeling that manifests when one perceives one’s social needs are not being met by the quantity or especially the quality of one’s social relationships – is a common but typically short-lived and fairly harmless experience. However, recent research continues to uncover a variety of alarming health effects associated with longterm loneliness. The present study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying how persons scoring high in trait loneliness perceive their social environments. Evaluations of transient facial expression morphs are analyzed in R using dynamical systems methods. We hypothesize that, consistent with Cacioppo and Hawkley’s sociocognitive model, subjects scoring high in loneliness will exhibit hypervigilance in their evaluations of cold and neutral emotions and hypovigilance in their evaluations of warm emotions. Results partially support the socio-cognitive model but point to a relationship between loneliness and a global dampening in evaluations of emotions. Keywords: loneliness, perceived social isolation, social dynamics, emotion recognition.
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Date Issued: 2017
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004866
Subject Headings: Social psychology., Loneliness--Psychological aspects., Emotions., Intimacy (Psychology), Interpersonal relations., Alienation (Social psychology), Social isolation.
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Investigations of a time dependent measurement technique for social judgment.
Creator: Kaufman, J., Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Argument is made for the use of variation permissive methods in the study of social judgment; one such dynamic method which purports to track on-line social evaluation (the mouse paradigm) is then introduced. The methodology of the mouse paradigm, which involves updating 'moment-to-moment' feelings via manipulation of a cursor by computer mouse, permits a wide range of experimental contrivance. Three varieties (SCALE, 1D and 2D), which differ in the amount of virtual (on screen) freedom of...
Show moreArgument is made for the use of variation permissive methods in the study of social judgment; one such dynamic method which purports to track on-line social evaluation (the mouse paradigm) is then introduced. The methodology of the mouse paradigm, which involves updating 'moment-to-moment' feelings via manipulation of a cursor by computer mouse, permits a wide range of experimental contrivance. Three varieties (SCALE, 1D and 2D), which differ in the amount of virtual (on screen) freedom of movement and psychological constraint, were tested with stereotyped targets (negative, ambivalent and positive) to determine any differences in their absolute distance time series and the extent to which aspects of these time series remained correlated with traditional scale-ratings of positivity and stability in feelings about targets. Results indicated a sharp difference between the two-dimensional (2D) variety and the one-dimensional varieties (SCALE and 1D), a finding which supports contention that the 2D variety possesses an appropriate balance of freedom and constraint.
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Date Issued: 1994
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15003
Subject Headings: Judgment, Attitude change, Verbal behavior, Psychometrics, Permutation groups, Group theory, Galois theory
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Dynamics of two-actor cooperation–competition conflict models.
Creator: Liebovitch, Larry S., Naudot, Vincent, Vallacher, Robin R., Nowak, Andrzej, Bui-Wrzosinska, Lan, Coleman, Peter T.
Date Issued: 2008-11-01
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/165475
Subject Headings: Nonlinear theories, Social systems--Mathematical models, Conflict management, Cooperativeness, Differential equations, Competition, Dynamics--Mathematical models
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Seeking sustainable solutions: using an attractor simulation platform for teaching multistakeholder negotiation in complex cases.
Creator: Nowak, Andrzej, Bui-Wrzosinska, Lan, Coleman, Peter T., Vallacher, Robin R., Jochemczyk, Lukasz, Bartkowski, Wieslaw
Date Issued: 2010
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/2683153
Subject Headings: Psychology, Social., Dynamics., Conflict management --Software., Conflict management --Study and teaching., Social conflict.
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Daily Feedback of Self-Concept Clarity and Grit.
Creator: Wong, Alexander E., Vallacher, Robin R., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Self-concept clarity and grit are important constructs in the self-concept and selfregulation domains. Though distinct in their focus on identity and goal processes, self-concept clarity and grit similarly emphasize the extent to which self-views and goal-perseverance are strong, clear, consistent, and unshakeable. We hypothesized self-knowledge and goalperseverance may be mutually reinforcing given the role of self-knowledge in directing goal pursuit, and of goal pursuit in structuring the...
Show moreSelf-concept clarity and grit are important constructs in the self-concept and selfregulation domains. Though distinct in their focus on identity and goal processes, self-concept clarity and grit similarly emphasize the extent to which self-views and goal-perseverance are strong, clear, consistent, and unshakeable. We hypothesized self-knowledge and goalperseverance may be mutually reinforcing given the role of self-knowledge in directing goal pursuit, and of goal pursuit in structuring the self-concept. The present study tested this hypothesis in the form of whether self-concept clarity and grit reciprocally influence one other across time, and was conducted using a daily diary design with 97 college-aged participants across several weeks. Data were analyzed using multilevel cross-lagged panel modeling. Results indicated daily self-concept clarity and grit both had positive influences on each other across time, while controlling for their previous values. The reciprocal influences were also symmetric: self-concept clarity and grit had equally strong influences on each other. The results of the present study are the first to indicate the existence of reinforcing feedback loops between self-concept clarity and grit, and to demonstrate that fluctuations in self-knowledge trigger fluctuations in goal resolve, and vice versa. The results suggest the two are, in part, both causes and consequences of one another.
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Date Issued: 2016
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004689
Subject Headings: Identity (Philosophical concept), Identity (Psychology), Self actualization (Psychology), Self management (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts communion in exploratory structural equation modeling of self-narratives.
Creator: Wong, Alexander E., Vallacher, Robin R., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Agency and communion are fundamental dimensions underlying psychological processes. Although agency and communion are coherent dimensions, their origins, nature, stability differ across theoretical framework. Common to these frameworks are gender differences in agency and communion. The present study hypothesized that because agency and communion relate to gender, they may also relate to digit ratio. The present study is important because digit ratio may offer clues on the origins and nature...
Show moreAgency and communion are fundamental dimensions underlying psychological processes. Although agency and communion are coherent dimensions, their origins, nature, stability differ across theoretical framework. Common to these frameworks are gender differences in agency and communion. The present study hypothesized that because agency and communion relate to gender, they may also relate to digit ratio. The present study is important because digit ratio may offer clues on the origins and nature of agency and communion, and their gender differences. Agency and Communion factors were extracted from implicit linguistic measures obtained by LIWC analysis of selfnarratives. Exploratory structural equation modeling indicated communion related to digit ratio in men, and gender differences in communion. Although the results supported the distal, biological influences of communion argued by evolutionary accounts, the null finding agency was not related to digit ratio, while not directly interpretable, did not contradict socialization accounts of agency.
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Date Issued: 2014
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004237
Subject Headings: Embryology, Human, Fingers -- Sex differences, Human body -- Social aspects, Psychophysiology, Self actualization (Psychology), Sex differentiation
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: The Affective Individual: The Influence of Self-Structure on The Experience of Discrete and Mixed Emotions.
Creator: Blackmon, C. William, Vallacher, Robin R., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Coherence of self-concept refers to the ability to stabilize on a clear set of views about oneself. This aspect of self-structure is closely linked self-esteem, and similar evidence in emotion research suggests an intricate connection between the self-system and emotion. Evidence suggests that emotions of seemingly opposing valence such as happy and sad can co-occur (i.e., mixed emotion). This study validated a new set of emotional stimuli particularly to elicit mixed emotion and used these...
Show moreCoherence of self-concept refers to the ability to stabilize on a clear set of views about oneself. This aspect of self-structure is closely linked self-esteem, and similar evidence in emotion research suggests an intricate connection between the self-system and emotion. Evidence suggests that emotions of seemingly opposing valence such as happy and sad can co-occur (i.e., mixed emotion). This study validated a new set of emotional stimuli particularly to elicit mixed emotion and used these stimuli with a mouse task that allowed participants to report positive and negative emotions simultaneously. The study examined possible individual differences in discrete emotional response associated with self-esteem as well as a possible connection between selfconcept coherence and a differential ability to harbor mixed emotions; specifically that individuals with high coherence in self-concept would tend to disambiguate their emotional response, but those with low coherence would be more susceptible to cooccurring positive and negative emotion.
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Date Issued: 2017
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004910
Subject Headings: Emotions., Self-perception., Self-esteem., Emotional intelligence., Self-organizing systems.
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Hey God, It’s Me: Development and Initial Validation of the Personal Prayer Content Scale.
Creator: Schipper, Lucas D., Vallacher, Robin R., Florida Atlantic University, Charles E Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: I present the development and initial validation a new measure designed to assess specific personal prayer content I used feedback from men and women, along with a review of the relevant literature, to identify specific prayer content for inclusion in the Personal Prayer Content Scale (PPCS) (Study 1) I administered the PPCS to a sample of participants from southeast Florida and southeast Michigan allowing for a cross-national investigation of the specific content of the thoughts that...
Show moreI present the development and initial validation a new measure designed to assess specific personal prayer content I used feedback from men and women, along with a review of the relevant literature, to identify specific prayer content for inclusion in the Personal Prayer Content Scale (PPCS) (Study 1) I administered the PPCS to a sample of participants from southeast Florida and southeast Michigan allowing for a cross-national investigation of the specific content of the thoughts that individuals privately direct towards a god, gods, or god-like entity (Study 2) I compared men’s and women’s responses (Study 3) and responses between Christians and non-Christians (Study 4) on the PPCS The results provide evidence for the reliability and discriminant validity of the PPCS by demonstrating that personal prayer content predicts aspects of religiosity and is equally valid for men and women and Christians and non-Christians A validated PPCS may be of theoretical, empirical, and practical value
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Date Issued: 2016
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00004797
Subject Headings: Psychology, Religious, Spirituality--Psychology, Psychology and religion, Faith development
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Perspective-Taking in Evaluating Conflict.
Creator: White, Elizabeth Courtney, Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: Conflicts between groups are affected by myriad historical and situational factors. Yet people are rarely overwhelmed by this complexity and are able to adopt a coherent depiction of the conflict, often with an unequivocal allocation of blame to one group. A person's final judgment tells only a fraction of the story. To uncover the whole story, numerous factors must be considered. Two such factors are whether the person harbors implicit prejudice toward an involved group and whether the way...
Show moreConflicts between groups are affected by myriad historical and situational factors. Yet people are rarely overwhelmed by this complexity and are able to adopt a coherent depiction of the conflict, often with an unequivocal allocation of blame to one group. A person's final judgment tells only a fraction of the story. To uncover the whole story, numerous factors must be considered. Two such factors are whether the person harbors implicit prejudice toward an involved group and whether the way in which relevant information is presented will allow for the emergence of perspective-taking and provide insight into the conflict that will aid third-party observes in making a coherent end judgment. This research explored the role of anti-Muslim prejudice and perspectivetaking in allocating blame for an ambiguous conflict between two groups that differed only on the dimension of religion (Muslim vs. Christian). Participants completed two measures of prejudice-an anti-Muslim Implicit Association Test and an explicit antiMuslim prejudice questionnaire. Participants then viewed one of two versions of a filmed conflict scene. While both films were identical in content, the order of their contents was reversed (conflict first vs. history first). Participants were then asked to allocate blame for the conflict to one group over the other. Following this judgment of blame, participants recorded their thoughts and feelings regarding this judgment into an audio recorder. These recordings were then played back while they used the Mouse Paradigm to express the feelings portrayed in their recordings. Results indicated no relationship between explicit prejudice and allocation of blame. Implicit prejudice scores were strongly related to allocation of blame, with increases in IAT scores positively correlating with blame of the Muslim group. Results also suggested a link between performance on the lA T and the Mouse Paradigm. More specifically, the results suggest that IAT performance may predict performance on the Mouse Paradigm. Additional results provided by the Mouse Paradigm provided insight into the deliberative processes taking place during the allocation of blame. Future research should explore the link between lA T scores and Mouse Paradigm performance and should be extended to include other forms of the lAT.
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Date Issued: 2008
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FA00000884
Subject Headings: Social psychology, Influence (Psychology), Persuasion (Psychology), Stereotype (Psychology)
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Self-evaluation of social ability: An action identification analysis.
Creator: Kingree, Jeffrey Brooks, Florida Atlantic University, Vallacher, Robin R., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Department of Psychology
Abstract/Description: A critical discrepancy in the self-evaluation literature concerns whether self-uncertainty leads to accurate or biased self-evaluations. After discussing the prior research which has rendered this discrepancy, I propose an experiment to reach a resolution to the discrepancy. Principles of action identification theory are used in proposing that the link between self-uncertainty and self-evaluation is moderated by the amount of evaluative threat inherent to the situation in which the self...
Show moreA critical discrepancy in the self-evaluation literature concerns whether self-uncertainty leads to accurate or biased self-evaluations. After discussing the prior research which has rendered this discrepancy, I propose an experiment to reach a resolution to the discrepancy. Principles of action identification theory are used in proposing that the link between self-uncertainty and self-evaluation is moderated by the amount of evaluative threat inherent to the situation in which the self-evaluation is taking place. The experiment established that subjects who are induced to identify their actions in low level terms are more likely to exhibit biases when pursuing self-evaluations of their social ability, with the biases manifested in these subjects' preferences to be evaluated in non-diagnostic ways. The implications of this general finding and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 1991
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/14728
Subject Headings: Intentionalism, Self, Social psychology
Format: Document (PDF)

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